[
  {
    "id": 1,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ดาวน้อย",
    "common_name": "Little Star",
    "scientific_name": "Pogostemon helferi",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lamiaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง , CO2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "มีลักษณะลำต้นตั้งตรงหรือเลื้อยไปตามพื้น ใบเดี่ยวมีลักษณะรุปหอก ขอบใบหยัก มีสีเขียว ใบที่เจริญใต้น้ำหยักเป็นคลื่น มีสีเขียวสด แตกออกจากลำต้นเป็นกอ มีความสูงประมาณ 2-10 ซม. ความกว้างประมาณ 5-10 ซม. ดอกออกเป็นช่อยกสูงคล้ายฉัตร ในธรรมชาติพบเจริญเติบโตอยู่ตามซอกหินบริเวณน้ำท่วมถึง บริเวณลำธารในเขตชายแดนไทยติดกับประเทศพม่า และบริเวณลำธารในเขตทุ่งใหญ่นเรศวร",
    "propagation": "เมื่อเลี้ยงจนต้นมีความสมบูรณ์จะแตกไหลทางด้านข้างของลำต้นเป็นต้นใหม่ หรือแตกยอดใหม่จากฐานของลำต้นสามารถตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่มาปักชำในตู้ปลา หรือแปลงดินแบบกึ่งบกกึ่งน้ำซึ่งต้องมีความชื้นสูง หรือใช้เมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151012155054.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 2,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "อุสแคระ",
    "common_name": "draft eusteraris",
    "scientific_name": "Pogostemon erectus",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lamiaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นไม้ขนาดกลางขนาดประมาณ 10-30 ซ.ม กำเนิดในประเทศอินเดีย ลำต้นยาวตั้งตรงแบ่งเป็นข้อชัดเจน มีใบแตกกระจายรอบข้อละ 6 ใบมีลักษณะฝอยเรียวแหลมยาวขนาดเล็ก และไม่มีก้านใบ บางครั้งมีรากเกิดขึ้นตามข้อ มีสีเขียวสว่างทั้งส่วนของใบ และลำต้น ลักษณะของลำต้นเหนือน้ำ มีใบสั้น หนา และกว้างกว่าใบน้ำ ลำต้นมีสีขาวปนเขียวอ่อน",
    "propagation": "ในตู้พรรณไม้น้ำเมื่อเลี้ยงจนลำต้นยาว สามารถตัดแบ่งลำต้นจากส่วนยอดมาชำใหม่ได้ ซึ่งลำต้นของแต่ละต้นสามารถแตกยอดต่ออีกเป็นหลายต้นได้  หรือสามารถตัดลำต้นไปขยายพันธุ์ในแปลงแบบครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151012155445.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 3,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "โรทาล่ากุหลาบ",
    "common_name": "Pearl Rotala",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala sp.",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป็นไม้ขนาดกลางประมาณ 7-12 ซ.ม มีความแปลกใหม่ และเป็นที่นิยมมากในตลาด ลักษณะมีลำต้นยาว มีใบแตกตามข้อ ข้อละ 2-4 ใบ ลักษณะของใบนั้นใต้ใบเป็นสีชมพูสดห่อขึ้นมาที่หน้าใบซึ่งมีสีเขียวสว่าง คล้ายกับดอกกุหลาบ ทำให้ปลายใบดูมีลักษณะแหลมและมี 2 สีตัดกันแปลกตา ลักษณะใบบก ใบกลมปลายแหลมเล็กน้อย บุ๋มลงตรงกลางใบ มีสีเขียว ถึงสีชมพูเข้ม ใต้ใบไม่ขึ้นมาห่อเหมือนใบน้ำ ลำต้นเลื้อยตามพื้นดินแบ่งเป็นข้อปล้องชัดเจน และแตกกิ่งก้านได้รวดเร็วกว่าอยู่ในน้ำ ดอกเดี่ยวออกเป็นกระจุกที่ปลายยอดลักษณะคล้ายกับเจดีย์",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาลงชำใหม่ในน้ำหรือ สภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151012155750.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 4,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "ริคเซีย",
    "common_name": "Crystal wort",
    "scientific_name": "Riccia fluitan",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Ricciaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, ผิวน้ำ",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพืชลอยน้ำในธรรมชาติขึ้นปะปนกับพืชลอยน้ำชนิดอื่น ลักษณะคล้ายพรมกำมะหยี่สีเขียวอ่อนจนถึงเข็ม จะมีสีเข้มในที่มีแสงน้อย มักนิยมนำมาพันกับวัสดุเช่น ตะแกรงอลูมิเนียม ก้อนหิน ยึดด้วยเอ็นวางประดับไว้ด้านหน้าของตู้ปลา เมื่อได้แสงไฟมาก และมีการให้ก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์อย่างเพียงพอ ริคเซียจะมีสีเขียวอ่อนฟูและคายฟอง ดูเหมือนกับพรมฟองอากาศสวยงาม ลักษณะไม่มีส่วนลำต้นและใบที่แท้จริง ซึ่งใบเทียม (Thallus) จะมีลักษณะเป็นเส้นสีเขียวแตกแฉก",
    "propagation": "แยกโดยนำต้นเดิมที่ขยายเพิ่มขึ้น มาลอยน้ำไว้จะขยายขนาดได้รวดเร็ว นำมาพันยึดกับวัสดุด้วยเอ็นจะได้จำนวนที่เพิ่มขึ้นมาก",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151012160113.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 5,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "เพิลหวีดจิ๋ว",
    "common_name": "Mini pearl weed , Mini baby tears",
    "scientific_name": "Hemianthus callitrichoides",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-26 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้าถึงปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป็นไม้หน้าตู้ขนาดเล็กกำเนิดจากทวีปอเมริกากลางจนถึงอเมริกาใต้ นิวซีแลนด์ นิยมนำมาปลุกด้านหน้าของตู้พรรณไม้น้ำมีสีเขียวสว่างสวยงามเหมือนกับทุ่งหญ้า แต่ดูแลรักษาค่อนข้างยาก เพราะต้องการน้ำเย็น ปุ๋ย และวัสดุปูพื้นที่ดี ลักษณะลำต้นเป็นเส้นขนาดเล็ก ตามข้อเกิดใบขนาดเล็กรูปร่างกลม ข้อละ 2-4ใบ ลำต้นสานเรียงตัวกันเป็นแผ่นหนาสวยงาม เลื้อยไปตามพื้น มีรากที่ยาวมาก ลักษณะใบใต้น้ำและใบเหนือน้ำค่อนข้างเหมือนกัน",
    "propagation": "การขยายพันธุ์ในสภาพใต้น้ำ ทำการตัดเป็นแผ่นเล็กๆ ลงปลูกให้กระจายทั่วตู้ ต้นจะเจริญเติบโตลามเข้าหากันเอง หรือขยายในแปลงดินชื้นแฉะ โดยการตัดเป็นแผ่นเล็กๆลงปลูกกระจายทั่วแปลงดินในสภาพที่มีความชื้นสูงจะขยายพันธุ์ได้เร็วมาก",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151012160426.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 6,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "เพิลกราส",
    "common_name": "Large Pearl Grass",
    "scientific_name": "Micranthemum sp. \"Montecarlo-3",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นไม้คลุมดินชนิดใหม่ของโลกถูกค้นพบเมื่อปี 2012 ทางตอนเหนือของประเทศอาร์เจนตินา ซึ่งเป็นไม้คลุมดินที่ยังคงหายาก โดยถูกรวบรวมไว้ที่ประเทศญี่ปุ่น ลักษณะของต้นมีการผสมผสานระหว่าง เพิลหวีดจิ๋ว Hemianthus callitrichoides และต้นเกล็ดปลา micranthemum umbrosum ซึ่งไม่มีลำต้นที่แท้จริง ลักษณะเป็นเส้นเลื้อยไปตามพื้นเป็นแผ่นคล้ายกับเพิลหวีดจิ๋ว แต่ใบมีลักษณะกลมใหญ่สีเขียวอ่อน ขึ้นขนานกันในแต่ละข้อแต่ลำต้นไม่ตั้งตรงเหมือนต้นเกล็ดปลา ลักษณะต้นใต้น้ำกับต้นบกลักษณะคล้ายกัน ปัจจุบันเป็นที่นิยมในตลาดในการนำมาปลูกปูพื้นตู้พรรณไม้น้ำ ให้ดูคล้ายสนามหญ้าเพราะเลี้ยงง่าย และมีอัตราการเจริญเติบโตที่รวดเร็วกว่าไม้ปูพื้นหน้าตู้ชนิดอื่นๆ และในปัจจุบันยังสามารถเพาะพันธุ์ได้อย่างแพร่หลาย จนมีราคาเป็นที่ยอมรับได้",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนของข้อ หรือไหลมาทำการปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินชื้นแฉะซึ่งมีอัตราการเจริญเติบโตที่รวดเร็วทั้ง 2 แบบในการขยายพันธุ์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151030103044.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 7,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "กรอสโซ",
    "common_name": "Glosso",
    "scientific_name": "Glossostigma elatinoides",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำขนาดเล็กกำเนิดจากประเทศออสเตเรีย และนิวซีแลนด์ นิยมนำมาปลุกด้านหน้าของตู้พรรณไม้น้ำมีสีเขียวสว่างสวยงาม ในสภาพใต้น้ำมีลำต้นขนาดเล็กไม่เป็นลำต้นที่แท้จริง เป็นเส้นและสั้น แทงไหล (Stolon) ขนานไปตามพื้นใบมีลักษณะรูปไข่ขนาดเล็กแตกที่ปลายยอด ต้นละ2ใบ ส่วนลำต้นเหนือน้ำมีลักษณะคล้ายกัน แต่ใบมีสีเขียวเข้ม มีขนาดใหญ่และหนากว่าเล็กน้อย ดอกมีขนาดเล็กมากออกที่ส่วนปลายยอดของกิ่งมีสีขาว",
    "propagation": "ตัดหรือเด็ดส่วนของไหล (Stolon) มาทำการปลูกบริเวณใหม่ หรือปลูกในสภาพแปลงดินชื้นแฉะ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151012161022.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 8,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "โรทาล่าทับทิม, โรทาล่าแดง",
    "common_name": "Red Rotala",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala rotundifolia",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นไม้ขนาดกลางประมาณ 10-30 ซ.ม เป็นที่นิยมมากในตลาดพรรณไม้น้ำ นิยมปลูกด้านหลังตู้ เป็นพุ่มสีแดงสวยงาม ลักษณะมีลำต้นใต้น้ำกลมยาวสีชมพูถึงแดง มีใบแตกตามข้อตรงข้ามกัน ข้อละ 2-4 ใบ ลักษณะของใบแคบเรียวยาว คล้ายรูปหอกหรือรูปไข่รี มีสีเขียวจนถึงสีแดงเข้ม ขึ้นอยู่กับแสง, ก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ และปุ๋ยธาตุเหล็กเป็นปัจจัยส่งผลให้ใบมีสีแดง ลักษณะของใบเหนือน้ำ ใบมีลักษณะกลม แตกตามข้อของลำต้นแบบสลับกันข้อละ 2 ใบ ลำต้นมีสีเขียวจนถึงสีแดงเลื้อยไปตามพื้นดินดอกเดี่ยวออกเป็นกระจุกตรงมุมโคนก้านใบ หรือออกเป็นช่อที่ปลายกิ่ง",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาลงชำใหม่ในน้ำหรือ สภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ, กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151012161435.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 9,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "โรทาล่าผีเสื้อ",
    "common_name": "Rotala Mini butterfly",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala sp. ‘’Mini butterfly’’",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นRotala ที่พัฒนาสายพันธุ์มาจาก Rotala macranda ซึ่งมีลักษณะผสมผสานระหว่างชนิด macranda และrotundifolia มีลำต้นผอมตรงยาวขนาดประมาณ 10 - 20 ซม. มีสีแดงสด ใบมีลักษณะยาวแคบปลายแหลมเหมือนเปรวเพลิง มองเผินๆดูคล้ายกับ Rotala  rotundifolia มีสีแดงสดตลอดเวลาและไม่กลับกลายเป็นสีเขียวได้ง่ายๆ เป็น Rotala ที่ใหม่ในตลาดและราคาสูง นำเข้ามาในประเทศไทยครั้งแรกเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2554 ลักษณะของต้นและใบเหนือน้ำนั้นเหมือนกับ Rotala macranda ทุกประการ ถ้าเลี้ยงในสภาพแวดล้อมที่ไม่เหมาะสม เช่น แสงไฟไม่พอ ต้นจะกลับกลายเป็น Rotala macranda เขียว คือใบแตกยอดมาใหม่ จะมีลักษณะรูปไข่ปลายแหลมด้านหน้าใบมีสีเขียว และท้องใบมีสีชมพูซึ่งเป็นปัญหาของการเลี้ยงของRotalaชนิดนี้ในปัจจุบัน",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151012161653.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 10,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ก้านธูป",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala indica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25 - 29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นไม้ข้อขนาดกลางประมาณ 10-20 ซ.ม อัตราการเจริญเติบโตช้า และเลี้ยงค่อนข้างยากกว่าในบรรดาสกุล Rotala ชนิดอื่นๆ ซึ่งเป็นไม้หายากในตลาด จุดเด่นคือลักษณะของลำต้นอวบตั้งตรง ไม่เลื้อยเหมือนโรทาร่าชนิดอื่น มีสีของลำต้นตั้งแต่สีชมพูจนถึงแดงเข้ม ลักษณะของใบใต้น้ำมีลักษณะกลมคล้ายเกล็ดปลาและหนา ขึ้นตรงข้ามกันข้อละ 2 ใบ ส่วนลักษณะของลำต้นเหนือน้ำเลื้อยไปตามพื้นและแตกลำต้นใหม่ตามข้อของลำต้นจำนวนมาก ใบมีลักษณะคล้ายกับใบใต้น้ำแต่มีขนาดใหญ่กว่าเล็กน้อย ดอกเดี่ยวออกเป็นกระจุกที่ปลายยอด เป็นพวงยาว",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาลงชำใหม่ในน้ำหรือ สภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำโรทาร่าชนิดนี้ชอบความชื้นค่อนข้างสูง และต้องการน้ำมาก โดยจะขยายพันธุ์ได้ดีในฤดูฝน ในการเพาะเลี้ยงมักประสบปัญหาลำต้นเน่าตั้งแต่โคนต้นขึ้นมาจนเหลือแต่ปลายยอด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160610140827.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 11,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "โรทาล่ามาครานดา",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala macranda",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 19-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำอีกชนิดหนึ่งที่เป็นที่นิยมในตลาดของสกุล Rotala เป็นพืชมีดอกใบเลี้ยงคู่ เป็นไม้ขนาดกลาง ขนาดประมาณ10-20 ซม. ลำต้นในสภาพใต้น้ำตั้งตรงมีสีเขียวอ่อนจนถึงแดงเข้ม ใบมีลักษณะเป็นรูปไข่ปลายแหลมคล้ายเปรวไฟ เรียวตัวตรงข้ามกันข้อละ 2 - 4ใบ ด้านบนของแผ่นใบมีสีเขียวอมชมพูจนถึงแดง ใต้ใบมีสีชมพูเข้มจนถึงแดงสด ลำต้นเหนือน้ำตั้งตรงหรือเลื้อยไปตามที่ชื้นแฉะ ใบเป็นรูปไข่เรียงตัวตรงข้ามกัน ดอกเดี่ยวออกเป็นกระจุกตรงมุมโคนก้านใบ หรือออกเป็นช่อที่ปลายกิ่ง",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ หรือใช้วิธีหว่านเมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151030105142.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 12,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ลัดวิเจียคิวบา",
    "common_name": "Cuba Ludwigia",
    "scientific_name": "Ludwigia inclinata var. verticillata 'Cuba'",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Onagraceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็น Ludwigia ที่มีสีสันฉูดฉาดสวยงาม เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำขนาดใหญ่ตั้งแต่ 15 ซม. จนเกินกว่า 1 ฟุตและการกระจายของใบเส้นรอบวงค่อนข้างกว้างจึงนิยมปลูกบริเวณหลังตู้ และควรมีพื้นที่ปลูกมากพอสมควร พบเจริญเติบโตได้ทั้งในพื้นที่ชื้นแฉะ และใต้น้ำของบึง ในหมู่เกาะทางตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ของประเทศคิวบา ลักษณะต้นใต้น้ำ มีลำต้นอวบใหญ่และสูงตั้งตรงแบ่งเป็นข้อชัดเจน มีสีแดงสด ลักษณะของใบยาวปลายแหลม และแคบ กระจายเป็นวงรอบข้อในแต่ละข้อความกว้าง 2-3 นิ้ว มีสีส้มจนถึงสีแดง และลำต้นสามารถแตกกิ่งก้านได้หลายกิ่ง รวมถึงส่วนของยอดซึ่งมีลักษณะใบกระจายเป็นวงมาก ทำให้ดูเหมือนดอกไม้บาน ลักษณะลำต้นโผล่พ้นน้ำตั้งตรงหรือเลื้อยไปตามพื้นดิน มีสีแดงอ่อน ใบมีลักษณะเป็นรูปหอกกว้างกึ่งรูปไข่ปลายใบมน เรียงตัวตรงข้ามกันข้อละ 2 ใบ มีสีเขียวปรากฏเส้นลายใบชัดเจน ลักษณะของดอกเกิดบริเวณซอกใบ มีฐานดอกสีแดง และกลีบเลี้ยงสีเขียว ดอกมีสีเหลือง และเป็นพืชใบเลี้ยงคู่",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินชื้นแฉะ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151030105543.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 13,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ลัดวิเจียทอร์นาโด",
    "common_name": "Curly Ludwigia, Tornado Ludwigia",
    "scientific_name": "Ludwigia inclinata var. “curly/tornado”",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Onagraceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26 -30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็น Ludwigia พันธุ์ที่เกิดจากการพัฒนาจากสายพันธุ์ Ludwigia inclinata var. verticillata ในประเทศเวียดนาม และส่งขายครั้งแรกให้กับประเทศเยอรมันในปี 2010 เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำขนาดใหญ่ตั้งแต่ 15 ซม. จนเกินกว่า 1 ฟุตลำต้นสีแดงฉูดฉาดเช่นเดียวกับลัดวิเจียคิวบา ลักษณะต้นใต้น้ำ มีลำต้นอวบใหญ่และสูงตั้งตรงแบ่งเป็นข้อชัดเจน มีสีแดงสด ใบมีลักษณะแปลกใหม่เป็นจุดเด่น คือใบแคบยาวปลายแหลม ซึ่งม้วนเป็นเกรียวทุกๆใบในลำต้น มีตั้งแต่สีเขียวอ่อนจนถึงสีแดง และปลายยอดมักมีสีชมพูสดใสสวยงาม ลักษณะของต้นโผล่พ้นน้ำ มีลักษณะเหมือนกับลัดวิเจียคิวบา แต่ใบจะแคบเป็นรูปหอกหรือเป็นรูปไข่ปลายแหลม ขอบของใบจะโค้งเล็งน้อย นอกจากนั้นลักษณะอื่นๆนั้นเหมือนกันแทบทั้งหมด นิยมนำมาประดับหลังตู้มีความสวยงามแปลกตา",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินชื้นแฉะ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151030110410.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 14,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "เพิลหวีด",
    "common_name": "Pearl weed ,Baby tears",
    "scientific_name": "Hemianthus micranthemoides",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็วมาก",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่นิยมในตลาดมาอย่างยาวนานในบ้านเรา นิยมปลูกเป็นพุ่ม บริเวณกลางตู้จนถึงหลังตู้ มีสีเขียวสว่างสวยงาม ลำต้นใต้น้ำมีขนาดเล็ก ลำต้นตั้งตรงทอดยาว หรือทอดนอนไปตามพื้น มีรากออกตามข้อ ใบไม่มีก้านใบ ออกตรงข้ามกันข้อละ 2-4ใบ มีสีเขียวอ่อนเป็นรูปหอก ขอบใบเรียบ ลักษณะลำต้นเหนือน้ำ ลำต้นสานเรียงตัวกันเป็นแผ่น เลื้อยไปตามพื้นเหมือนกับ Hemianthus callitrichoides ใบมีลักษณะกลมขนาดเล็ก เลื้อยไปตามที่ชื้นแฉะ",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือปักชำในแปลงดินชื้นแฉะจะกลายสภาพเป็นแผ่นเลื้อยไปตามพื้นซึ่งจะขยายพันธุ์ได้เร็วกว่า",
    "credit": "ภาพwww.liverpoolcreekaquariums.com ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160610140941.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 15,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "หญ้าหัวไม้ขีด",
    "common_name": "Hairgrass",
    "scientific_name": "Eleocharis parpulus",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Cyperaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำตระกูลเดียวกับกกชนิดต่างๆ ในธรรมชาติจะขึ้นอยู่ริมฝั่ง (ต้นบก) ลำต้นเป็นแท่งใต้ดิน ใบมีลักษณะคล้ายกก ชูตั้งขึ้นเป็นกลุ่ม ไม่มีข้อ คล้ายกับต้นหญ้า เป็นพืชมีดอกสีขาว ใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว สามารถดำรงชีวิตได้เมื่อน้ำท่วมจะเป็นใบน้ำ ลักษณะใบจะกลายสภาพเป็นเส้นขนาดเล็กผอมลง คล้ายกับเส้นผม นิยมนำมาปลูกเป็นไม้หน้าตู้เลียนแบบทุ่งหญ้า",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์แบบไม่ใช้เพศโดยนำต้นใหม่ที่แทงไหลมาจากโคนต้นมาปักใหม่ในที่ชื้นแฉะ หรือปักบริเวณใหม่ในตู้ปลา",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151030111711.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 16,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "ชวามอส",
    "common_name": "Java moss",
    "scientific_name": "Vesicularia dubyana",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Hypnaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นมอสที่เจริญเติบโตได้ดีทั้งในสภาพที่มีแสงสว่างและแสงรำไร นิยมนำมาเลี้ยงในตู้พรรณไม้น้ำ โดยการนำไปพันกับก้อนหิน ขอนไม้ ตะแกรงอะลูมิเนียม หรือวัสดุอื่นๆโดยลำต้นจะเจริญเติบโตขึ้นเรื่อยๆ ลักษณะลำต้นมีขนาดเล็ก ลักษณะเป็นสายยาว และแตกแขนงไม่สม่ำเสมอ โดยมีใบจัดเรียงกันเป็นสองแถว ใบมีลักษณะรูปหอกสีเขียวมรกตใบแคบมีความยาว 10-15 มิลลิเมตร ตามธรรมชาติมักพบเกาะติดอยู่กับก้อนหินใบบกมีลักษณะสั้น ลำต้นและใบมีขนาดใหญ่กว่าใบน้ำ ไม่เห็นเป็นเส้นชัดเจนและมีสีเขียวอ่อน",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ หรือปล่อยให้ลอยขึ้นสู่ผิวน้ำ หรือใช้สปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151030112327.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 17,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "มอสดาวไทย",
    "common_name": "Star moss",
    "scientific_name": "Hyophila involuta",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Pottiaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้โดยพันติดกับวัสดุ",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-26 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "เป็นมอสที่มีรูปแบบใบเป็นดอกคล้ายดาวเรียงตัวกันเป็นแผ่น มักขึ้นบนที่อากาศชื้น เกิดตามก้อนหิน แผ่นปูน ทางเดิน พบมากในภาคตะวันออก ภาคเหนือ และภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย ลักษณะ ใบแตกเป็นแฉก ข้อละ 4-6 ใบขนาดประมาณ 0.2-0.4 มิลลิเมตร แต่ละใบมีลักษณะปลายแหลมคล้ายรูปหอกสานกันเป็นรูปดาวสีเขียวสดเรียงตัวกันเป็นแผ่นพรหม สามารถนำมาพันกับวัสดุ เช่น หิน ตะแกรงสแตนเลส เพื่อใช้ประดับตู้พรรณไม้น้ำได้ เป็นมอสที่เลี้ยงค่อนข้างยาก ต้องการอุณหภูมิน้ำที่ต่ำซึ่งไม่ควรเกินกว่า 27 °C การปรับสภาพเป็นใบน้ำภายใต้สภาพแวดล้อมในน้ำ ลักษณะใบ จะมีการลดรูปเล็กลงและเพิ่มจำนวนใบมากขึ้น รวมถึงมีสีเขียวเข้มขึ้น",
    "propagation": "สามารถแยกไปพันกับวัสดุต่างๆ เช่น หิน ตะแกรงสแตนเลส ด้วยด้ายหรือเอ็นใส และเลี้ยงไว้บริเวณหน้าตู้ปลา หรือใช้สปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151208144751.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 18,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "สไปกี้มอส",
    "common_name": "spiky moss",
    "scientific_name": "Taxiphyllum sp.",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Hypnaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 24-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นมอสที่โตเร็ว เลี้ยงง่าย และราคาถูกเหมาะสำหรับนักเลี้ยงพรรณไม้น้ำมือใหม่ และเป็นที่นิยมอย่างมากในตลาดพรรณไม้น้ำของเมืองไทย ลักษณะเด่นเป็นเส้นสายยาวแตกแขนงไม่สม่ำเสมอ ใบมีการจัดเรียงเป็นสองแถว ส่วนปลายใบที่แตกแขนงมีลักษณะคล้ายหนามแหลม มีสีเขียวเข้ม นิยมนำมาพันกับวัสดุเพื่อตกแต่ง เช่น ตะแกรงสแตนเลส ขอนไม้ หิน เป็นต้น",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ หรือใช้สปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151208145838.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 19,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "วิลโล่มอส",
    "common_name": "Willow moss",
    "scientific_name": "Fontinalis antipyrctica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Fontinalaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้โดยพันติดกับวัสดุ",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 24-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ หรือใช้สปอร์",
    "credit": "",
    "images": "20151208151118.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 20,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ใบพายอัฟฟินิส, คริปอัฟฟินิส",
    "common_name": "Crypts",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne affinis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่จัดเป็นพืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว เป็นพืชล้มลุก ขึ้นในน้ำจืด ตามหนอง บึงที่ชื้นแฉะและท่วมขังตื้นๆ หรือบริเวณริมคลองที่มีน้ำไหลเอื่อยๆ เป็นCryptsที่แพร่กระจายในพื้นที่ภาคใต้ตอนล่างของประเทศไทยจนถึงแถบตะวันตกเฉียงใต้ของแหลมมลายู ลักษณะมีลำต้นเป็นเหง้าใต้ดินมีไหลสั้นๆ ใบแตกรอบลำต้นเป็นกอ ขนาดใบโตเต็มที่ยาวประมาณ 15-30 ซม. ก้านใบเป็นโพรงขนาดยาวเกือบเท่าแผ่นใบ แผ่นใบด้านบนมีหลากหลายสีตามความเข้มของแสงที่เลี้ยง มีตั้งแต่สี เขียว น้ำตาลอ่อน น้ำตาลแก่ ชมพู จนถึงสีแดง มีเส้นใบสีจางแตกเป็นร่างแหคล้ายลายพราง แผ่นใบด้านล่างมีสีม่วง เขียวอ่อน เขียวเหลือง และมีจุดสีม่วงอ่อนสวยงามมาก มีดอกออกเป็นช่อขนาดเล็กไม่มีก้านดอก รวมกันเป็นช่อแบบดอกย่อย ลักษณะเป็นทรงกระบอกชูขึ้นมาเหนือน้ำ หุ้มด้วยใบประดับรองรับช่อดอก มีสีแดงม่วง ลักษณะเป็นหลอดปลายแผ่ออกคล้ายปากแตรมีปลายบิดเกลียว",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์โดยการแยกลำต้นเกิดใหม่จาก หน่อ ไหล มาลงปลูกใหม่ หรือโดยการเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211134858.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 21,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ใบพายมวกเหล็ก, ใบพายเขาใหญ่",
    "common_name": "Water Trumpet",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne balansae",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "ใบพายมวกเหล็ก Cryptocoryne balansae Gagnepain มีชื่อพ้องคือ Cryptocoryne  longispata Merril, Cryptocoryne spec. ‘Sompongsii’ Hort. และ Cryptocoryne crispatular  Engl. var. balansae Gagnep. เป็นพืชล้มลุกที่มีอายุหลายปี จัดเป็นพืชมีดอกใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว  พบแพร่กระจายในประเทศไทย ตอนเหนือของเวียดนาม ไปจนถึงมณฑลกวางสีของจีน สำหรับที่  ประเทศไทยเคยพบมากบริเวณนํ้าตกที่อยู่ในอุทยานแห่งชาติเขาใหญ่ และนํ้าตกมวกเหล็ก จึงเรียกชื่อว่า  ใบพายเขาใหญ่ หรือใบพายมวกเหล็ก นอกจากนี้ยังพบในพื้นที่ภาคใต้ของประเทศไทย โดยมักพบเจริญ  อยู่บริเวณชายนํ้าตามลำธารนํ้าไหลที่มีหินปูนและมีพื้นท้องนํ้าเป็นกรวดหรือทรายแม่นํ้า มีแสงแดดส่อง  รำไร จนถึงมีแสงแดดจัด หรือบริเวณนํ้าตก จัดเป็นพืชใต้นํ้าแต่สามารถเจริญเติบโตได้ดีในสภาพบนบก  ที่ชื้นแฉะ มีต้นใต้ดินเป็นเหง้าสั้นๆ ใบแตกออกเป็นกอประกอบด้วยโคนก้านใบหุ้มประกบกันไว้ มีใบเดี่ยว  ก้านใบสั้นกว่าแผ่นใบซึ่งมีลักษณะเป็นรูปใบหอกแคบยาว ปลายใบแหลม แผ่นใบไม่เรียบเป็นคลื่น  มีสีเขียวอ่อนแกมนํ้าตาลถ้าได้แสงจัดจะมีสีชมพูแดง มีรอยย่นเป็นลอน ยาวได้ถึง 50-75 เซนติเมตรใบที่เจริญเหนือนํ้าจะมีขนาดสั้นกว่าใบที่เจริญใต้นํ้า โดยมีแผ่นใบยาวประมาณ 5-10 เซนติเมตร กว้าง  ไม่เกิน ๑๐ มิลลิเมตร มีสีเขียวนํ้าตาล ก้านใบสีนํ้าตาลแดง ออกดอกได้ดีเมื่อเจริญในสภาพเหนือนํ้า โดย  มีดอกเป็นช่อแบบสแปดิกส์ ยาวประมาณ 15-25 เซนติเมตร มีกาบสีม่วง ยาวเรียวและบิดเล็กน้อย  หุ้มช่อดอกไว้ มีผลสดแบบผลอวบมีเนื้อ ลักษณะผลเปิดที่ปลายด้านบน เมล็ดเรียงติดแกนร่วม มีเมล็ด  จำนวนหลายเมล็ดรูปทรงรี",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์โดยการแตกหน่อ ไหล หรือเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจากชิ้นส่วนยอด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151209124432.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 22,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ใบพายมวกเหล็กแหลม",
    "common_name": "Water Trumpet",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne retrospiralis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 27-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าพื้นเมืองของไทยที่พบแพร่กระจายในพื้นที่ภาคใต้  บริเวณจังหวัดระนองและพังงา นอกจากนี้ยังพบการแพร่กระจายบริเวณคาบสมุทรอินเดีย อินโดไชน่า  จนถึงคาบสมุทรมลายู เจริญในลำธารน้ำไหลบริเวณชายฝั่ง น้ำตื้น พบทั้งในสภาพสะเทินน้ำสะเทินบก และ  สภาพใต้นํ้า สามารถเจริญเติบโตได้ทั้งในที่มีแสงสว่าง และแสงสลัว จัดเป็นพืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว ประเภท  ไม้ล้มลุก มีลำต้นเป็นเหง้าใต้ดิน และมีไหลสั้นๆ แตกเป็นต้นใหม่ ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยว แตกออกรอบลำต้นเป็น  กระจุกแบบกุหลาบซ้อน โคนใบมีกาบหุ้ม ประกบกันไว ้ ลักษณะใบคล้ายกับใบพายมวกเหล็ก Cryptocoryne  balansae Gagnep. แต่รูปทรงของใบแคบกว่า และมีปลายใบเรียวแหลม จึงเรียกกันว่าใบพายมวกเหล็ก  แหลม นอกจากนี้แผ่นใบไม่มีลายเป็นปล้องตามขวาง ซึ่งแตกต่างจากใบพายมวกเหล็กที่มีลายตามขวาง  ลักษณะของแผ่นใบยาวเรียวเป็นรูปใบหอกแคบมีสีเขียวจนถึงนํ้าตาลแดง ขอบใบหยักเป็นคลื่น ปลายใบ  แหลม ขนาดแผ่นใบยาว 10-30 เซนติเมตร ความกว้างแผ่นใบ 2.5-10 มิลลิเมตร เส้นใบแตกเป็นร่างแห  ก้านใบเป็นโพรง ใบใต้นํ้ามีลักษณะผอมยาวอ่อนช้อย มีก้านใบสั้นกว่าแผ่นใบ มีดอกขนาดเล็กที่ไม่มี  ก้านดอก รวมกันเป็นช่อแบบสแปดิกทรงกระบอกชูขึ้นมาเหนือนํ้า ใบประดับที่หุ้มช่อดอกยาวและแคบ  ปลายบิดเป็นเกลียวหลายชั้น มีสีขาวขุ่นจนถึงเขียวอ่อน และมีจุดสีม่วง",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการแตกหน่อจากตาที่อยู่บนไรโซม และแตกไหลผอมยาวเกิดต้นใหม่  หรือเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจากชิ้นส่วนปลายยอด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211095246.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 23,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ใบพายนูริอิ",
    "common_name": "Water Trumpet",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne nurii",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "ใบพายนูริอิ มีถิ่นกำเนิดอยู่ในภาคใต้ตอนล่างของประเทศไทยไปจนถึงแหลมมลายูบริเวณ  ฝงั่ ตะวันตกของประเทศมาเลเซีย พบแพรก่ ระจายตามลำธารขึ้นบริเวณแม่น้ำลำธารที่มีน้ำไหล ในป่า ดิบชื้น  สภาพนํ้าค่อนข้างเป็นกรด มีพื้นเป็นดินโคลนและทราย ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยว ออกเป็นกระจุกแบบกุหลาบซ้อน  แผ่นใบมีลักษณะเป็นรูปไข่จนถึงรูปรี ยาว 5-15 เซนติเมตร กว้าง 1-3.5 เซนติเมตร ปลายใบแหลม  โคนใบเป็นรูปลิ่ม ขอบใบหยักมนถี่ แผ่นใบมีสีเขียวอ่อนจนถึงเขียวมะกอก หรือนํ้าตาลแดง มีลายเด่นชัด  สีเขียวเข้ม แผ่นใบด้านล่างมีสีเขียวจางจนถึงแดงเรื่อ ขอบใบหยักเป็นคลื่นเล็กน้อย มีเส้นใบขนานแบบขนนก  แยกออกจากเส้นกลางใบมายังขอบใบ ต้นที่เจริญเติบโตใต้นํ้ามักมีเส้นใบสีจางๆ ดอกออกเป็นช่อแบบ  ช่อเชิงลดมีใบประดับ ชูขึ้นมาเหนือนํ้า ใบประดับมีลักษณะเป็นหลอดหุ้มช่อดอกไว้ ส่วนที่เป็นหลอด  มีขนาดยาว 2-15 เซนติเมตร มีสีค่อนข้างขาว ส่วนบนด้านนอกมีสีเจือนํ้าตาล ปากแตรดอกมีลักษณะเป็น  รูปหัวใจสีแดงเข้มจนถึงม่วงเข้ม ผิวขรุขระ ส่วนโคนหลอดโป่งพองมีขนาดยาว 1-3 เซนติเมตร มีดอกย่อย  อยู่ด้านใน ดอกย่อยเพศเมียอยู่ด้านล่างเรียงติดกันเป็นวง มีจำนวน 5-7 ดอก ยอดเกสรเพศเมียเป็นรูปไข่  จนถึงรูปไข่แคบ ดอกย่อยเพศผู้อยู่ด้านบนรวมกันเป็นกลุ่ม มีจำนวน 30-50 ดอก ผลเป็นรูปไข่",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการเกิดไหลแตกหน่อ แล้วแยกมาลงปลูกใหม่ หรือใช้เมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211100321.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 24,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ผมหอม",
    "common_name": "Water Trumpet",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne tonkinensis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 27-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าสวยงามประดับตู้ปลา โดยนิยมปลูกบริเวณกลางตู้ เป็นพืชเศรษฐกิจ  ส่งออกขายต่างประเทศ ลำต้นเป็นเหง้าสั้นๆ และมีไหลแตกเป็นต้นใหม่ ใบเดี่ยว มีก้านใบสั้นกว่าแผ่นใบซึ่งมีลักษณะ  เรียวยาว แตกจากลำต้นเป็นกอ โคนก้านใบแผ่กว้างเป็นแผ่นหุ้มประกบกัน แผ่นใบเรียวยาว ขอบใบเรียบ  ปลายใบแหลม ใบสีเขียวสด ต้นเหนือนํ้าใบยาว 7-10 เซนติเมตร กว้าง 0.3-0.5 เซนติเมตร เมื่อ  ระดับนํ้าสูงจะปรับตัวอยู่ใต้นํ้าโดยแผ่นใบจะเปลี่ยนไปโดยมีขนาดเรียวยาวขึ้น และมีสีนํ้าตาลแดง  ดอกย่อยเป็นดอกแบบแยกเพศ ดอกเพศผู้ และเพศเมียอยูบนช่อเดียวกัน ลักษณะดอกเป็น ช่อแบบสแปดิก  ยาว 10-15 เซนติเมตร ช่อดอกอยู่ภายในใบประดับขนาดใหญ่ ใบประดับยาวเรียวและบิดเล็กน้อย หุ้มช่อดอกไว้ การกระจายพันธุ์ในธรรมชาติพบบริเวณนํ้าตกหรือซอกหินตามลำธารนํ้าไหลเอื่อยๆ",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์โดยการแยกไหล หรือแยกต้นอ่อนที่เกิดจากต้นเดิม และเพาะเลี้ยง  เนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211105353.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 25,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ใบพายกริฟฟิธิอิ, คริปกริฟฟินิส",
    "common_name": "Malayan Sword",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne griffithii",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 27-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "จัดเป็นพืชมีดอก ประเภทไม้ล้มลุก พบแพร่กระจายบริเวณภาคใต้ตอนล่างของประเทศไทย  ไปจนถึงแหลมมลายู ประเทศมาเลเซีย จนถึงสิงคโปร์ และอินโดนีเซีย ถิ่นอาศัยในธรรมชาติชอบขึ้น  ในที่เป็นดินปนทรายที่นํ้ามีความกระด้างเล็กน้อย สามารถเจริญได้ทั้งในที่มีแสงสว่าง และแสงสลัว มีลำต้น  เป็นเห้งาใต้ดิน และแตกไหลเจริญอยูใต้น้ำ ใบแตกรอบลำต้นเป็นกอ แผ่นใบด้านบนมีสีเขียวเข้มถึงน้ำตาลแยกเพศอยู่ร่วมต้น ดอกเพศเมียอยู่แยกกับดอกเพศผู้  โดยมีแกนช่อดอกผอมเรียวกั้น ดอกเพศผู้อยู่ส่วนบน  ของช่อดอก มีจำนวนมากกว่าดอกเพศเมีย โดยมีจำนวน  35-60 ดอก ดอกเพศเมียอยู่ด้านล่างมีจำนวน 5-7 ดอก  เกสรเพศเมียเป็นรูปไข่จนถึงรูปรี มีผลเป็นผลรวม ทรง  รูปไข่  แดง แผ่นใบด้านล่างมีสีม่วง ใบจะปรากฏมีจุดสีนํ้าตาลบนแผ่นใบด้านบนจึงมีความสวยงามมากเมื่อนำไป  ปลูกประดับในตู้ปลา มีเส้นใบแตกเป็นร่างแห ก้านใบเป็นโพรง ออกดอกได้ทั้งสภาพใต้นํ้า และครึ่งบก  ครึ่งนํ้า ดอกออกเป็นช่อแบบช่อเชิงลด มีใบประดับชูขึ้นมาเหนือนํ้า ใบประดับมีลักษณะเป็นหลอด  หุ้มช่อดอกไว้ด้านบนเปิดออกคล้ายปากแตร ออกเป็นแผ่นด้านบนขรุขระไม่เรียบ มีดอกขนาดเล็กที่ไม่มี  กhานดอก รวมกันเป็น ช่อทรงกระบอก เกิดอยูติ่ดกับผนังของใบประดับตรงส่วนที่โป่งพองด้านล่าง ดอกย่อย  ไม่มีกลีบดอก และเป็นดอกมีเพศเดียว ดอกเพศผู้และดอกเพศเมียอยู่ร่วมต้นเดียวกัน เป็นแบบดอก",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการเกิดไหลแตกหน่อ  หรือเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจากชิ้นส่วน  ยอด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211111515.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 26,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ใบพายวาน้ำ",
    "common_name": "Water Trumpet",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne ciliata",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 27-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "ใบพาย หรือวานํ้า Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Schott มีชื่อพ้องคือ Ambrosina ciliata  Roxb. และ Cryptocoryne elata Griffith เจริญเติบโตบริเวณที่เป็นดินโคลน ในแหล่งนํ้าตื้นๆ หรือ  บริเวณชายนํ้า พบในอินเดีย ปากีสถาน อินโดนีเซีย และประเทศไทย โดยพบแพร่กระจายในภาคใต้ และ  ภาคตะวันออกของไทย มักขึ้นตามชายฝั่งนํ้า และบริเวณนํ้ากร่อย ป่าชายเลน มีลำต้นเป็นเหง้าสั้นๆ และ  มีไหลแตกเป็นต้นใหม่ มีรากแตกออกจากข้อของลำต้น ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยวมีขนาดใหญ่ลักษณะเป็นรูปหอก  ฐานใบมีลักษณะมนกลมหรือแหลมไปทางโคนใบ แผ่นใบหนาอวบนํ้า มีสีเขียวสดด้านล่างสีเขียวอ่อนกว่า  ด้านบนเล็กน้อย เส้นกลางใบนูนเห็นชัด และมีเส้นใบขนานไปกับเส้นกลางใบ 6-10 เส้น ขนาดแผ่นใบ  ยาว 15-40 เซนติเมตร กว้าง 7-10 เซนติเมตร มีก้านใบแข็งแตกจากลำต้นเป็นกอ โคนก้านใบแผ่กว้าง  เป็นแผ่นหุ้มประกบกันไว้ ดอกออกเป็นช่อแบบช่อเชิงลด มีใบประดับขนาดใหญ่หุ้มช่อดอกไว้ลักษณะ  เป็นท่อยาวสีเหลืองออกเขียว โคนโป่งออกเล็กน้อยมีพื้นสีเหลืองและมีจุดสีม่วงช่อดอกอยู่บริเวณโคน  ของกาบประดับ มีดอกเพศผู้ และดอกเพศเมียอยู่บนช่อดอกเดียวกัน ดอกเพศเมียอยู่บริเวณโคนของ  ช่อดอก มีจำนวน 2-6 ดอก ขึ้นรอบข้อของช่อดอก ส่วนของดอกเพศผู้อยู่รวมกันตอนบนของช่อดอก  ป  ระกอบด้วยเกสรเพศผูสั้นๆ แต่ละอันมีอับเรณู 2 ช่อง เมื่อเจริญขึ้นมาเหนือผิวน้ำ ภายในส่วนกาบประดับ  และปากกรวยที่เปิดออกมีสีม่วง และมีจุดสีเหลือง มีขนครุย (cilia) จำนวนมากบริเวณขอบของปากกรวย ผลรูปทรงกลม ภายในมีเมล็ดจำนวนมาก เมื่อแก่ผลจะแตกออกในช่วงนํ้าลด และได้รับความร้อนจาก  แสงแดด จากนั้นเมล็ดจะลอยนํ้าเมื่อนํ้าขึ้น และจมลงในพื้นโคลนงอกเป็นต้นใหม่",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการเกิดไหลแตกหน่อ หรือใช้เมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211131755.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 27,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "บอนแดง",
    "common_name": "Water Trumpet",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne blassii",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "บอนแดง Cryptocoryne blassii de Wit มีชื่อพ้องคือ Cryptocoryne spec. ‘Braune von  Bangkok’ และ Cryptocoryne siamensis var. kerrii Rataj เป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าพื้นเมืองของไทย จัดเป็น  พืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว อยู่ในวงศ์ Araceae เป็นพืชล้มลุกที่มีอายุหลายปี ในธรรมชาติพบเจริญใต้นํ้า  ในลำธารตื้นๆ ที่มีนํ้าไหลเอื่อยๆ หรือในบึงนํ้านิ่งที่มีหินปูนอยู่มาก จึงสามารถเจริญเติบโตได้ดีในนํ้า  ที่ความกระด้างสูง มีลำต้นเป็นเหง้าอยู่ในดินใต้นํ้า แตกใบออกเป็นกอ ประกอบด้วย โคนก้านใบหุ้ม  ประกบกันไว้ ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยว มีก้านใบผอมยาวสีนํ้าตาลแดง ขนาดยาวกว่าแผ่นใบ โดยมีความยาวได้ถึง  20 เซนติเมตร แผ่นใบมีขนาดยาว 7.5-20 เซนติเมตร กว้าง 3.7-5 เซนติเมตร มีรูปร่างยาวรีหรือ  รูปหัวใจ ด้านบนของใบมีสีเขียวมะกอกจนถึงเขียวนํ้าตาล หรือนํ้าตาลแดง ด้านหลังใบมีสีม่วงแดง เส้นใบ  เรียงตัวขนานกัน ผิวใบย่น ดอกออกเป็นช่อแบบสแปดิกส์ มีดอกขนาดเล็กออกรวมกันเป็นช่อแบบ  ดอกย่อยไม่มีก้าน เกิดรวมกันเป็นแท่งบนก้านช่อดอกลักษณะทรงกระบอก หุ้มด้วยกาบประดับสีเหลือง  และมีสีนํ้าตาลบริเวณขอบ มีลักษณะเป็นหลอดปลายแผ่ออกคล้ายปากแตรมีสีเหลืองเข้ม และมีส่วนโคน  โป่ง ผลเป็นแบบผลรวม ลักษณะผลสดแบบผลอวบมีเนื้อ มีเมล็ดจำนวนหลายเมล็ด",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการเกิดไหลแตกหน่อ หรือใช้เมล็ด และเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจาก  ชิ้นส่วนยอด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211133300.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 28,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "คริปอัลบิดา, ใบพายอัลบิดา",
    "common_name": "Water Trumpet",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne albida",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-26 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "ใบพายอัลบิดา Cryptocoryne albida Parker มีชื่อพ้องคือ Cryptocoryne korthausae Rataj  เป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าพื้นเมืองของไทยที่พบมากบริเวณภาคใต้ มีการแพร่กระจายอยู่บริเวณชายนํ้าตามลำธาร  นํ้าตก และคลองขนาดเล็ก จัดเป็นพืชล้มลุกมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว มีลำต้นเป็นเหง้าใต้ดินมีไหลสั้นๆ ใบแตก  รอบลำต้นเป็นกอ ขนาดใบรวมก้านใบยาวประมาณ 10-15 เซนติเมตร แผ่นใบรูปรีแคบ มีสีเขียวจนถึง  นํ้าตาล ขนาดยาวได้ถึง 10 เซนติเมตร กว้าง 10-15 มิลลิเมตร ขอบใบเป็นคลื่นเล็กน้อย ดอกออกเป็นช่อ  ดอกย่อยไม่มีก้านเกิดรวมกันเป็นแท่งบนก้านช่อดอกลักษณะทรงกระบอกชูขึ้นมาเหนือนํ้า หุ้มด้วย  ใบประดับรองรับช่อดอก ลักษณะเป็นหลอดด้านในมีสีม่วงปลายแผ่ออกคล้ายปากแตรสีครีมขาว  มีจุดสีชมพู แดง จนถึงม่วง ตอนปลายบิดเป็นเกลียว ขนาดช่อดอกยาวประมาณ 10 เซนติเมตร",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการแตกหน่อ ไหล หรือเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจากชิ้นส่วนยอด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151211134654.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 29,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "สาหร่ายแปรงล้างขวด, โรทาร่าวอลริชชี่",
    "common_name": "Wallichii",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala wallichii",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 27-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็วมาก",
    "characteristic": "สาหร่ายแปรงล้างขวด เป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าพื้นเมืองของไทย ลักษณะลำต้นกลมยาว ตั้งตรงเมื่ออยู่  ใต้นํ้าหรือเลื้อยไปตามพื้นดินในบริเวณที่ชื้นแฉะ ใบแตกจากลำต้นรอบข้อแบบ whorls ข้อละ 10-16 ใบ  ต้นที่เจริญเติบโตบริเวณพื้นดินในบริเวณที่ชื้นแฉะหรือมีเหนือนํ้า ใบมีความยาวประมาณ 10-12 มิลลิเมตร  และมีความกว้างประมาณ 1.25 มิลลิเมตร มีสีเขียวหรือเขียวอมนํ้าตาล บริเวณส่วนยอดมักมีสีแดงเข้ม  หรือเหลืองทอง มีดอกเดี่ยวออกเป็นกระจุกตรงมุมโคนก้านใบ หรือออกเป็นช่อปลายกิ่ง มีผลชนิดแคปซูล  ใบใต้นํ้าจะเรียวยาวเป็นฝอยลักษณะคล้ายสาหร่าย จึงมักเรียกว่า สาหร่ายแปรงล้างขวด มีสีเขียวอมแดง  หรือชมพูอ่อน",
    "propagation": "โดยการตัดยอดปักชำในแปลงดินหรือทราย  แบบครึ่งนํ้าครึ่งบก เมื่อต้นเจริญได้ดีแล้วจึง  ตัดยอดมาชำใต้นํ้าให้ใบมีการเปลี่ยนแปลง  มีลักษณะ รูปร่าง สีสันสวยงาม",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151214102142.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 30,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "คริปพาวา",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne parva",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "ใบพายพาวา หรือคริปพาวามีถิ่นกำเนิดอยู่ที่ประเทศศรีลังกา มีลักษณะต้นเป็นเหง้าสั้นๆ และมีไหลแตกเป็นต้นใหม่ จัดเป็นคริปที่มีขนาดเล็กที่สุด ความสูงต้นไม่เกิน 10 เซนติเมตร แผ่นใบมีลักษณะคล้ายๆใบหญ้า แผ่กว้างที่ส่วนปลาย ความยาวแผ่นใบไม่เกิน 6 เซนติเมตร มีอัตราการเจริญเติบโตช้า ความโดดเด่นของคริปชนิดนี้พบว่าเมื่อคุณภาพของน้ำในตู้ที่มีการปลูกมีการเปลี่ยนแปลง แต่สีและรูปร่างของแผ่นใบจะไม่เปลี่ยนแปลงตามในการปลูกเลี้ยงในตู้ต้องการพื้นที่สำหรับการแตกต้นใหม่จากกอเดิม",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์โดยการแยกไหล หรือแยกต้นอ่อนที่เกิดจากต้นเดิมและเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151214110528.JPG"
  },
  {
    "id": 31,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "แอมแมนเนียแดง",
    "common_name": "Red Ammannia",
    "scientific_name": "Ammannia senegalensis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": ": แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "แอมมาเนียแดง (Red Ammannia) เป็นพืชล้มลุกมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงคู่ มีถิ่นกำเนิดในทวีปแอฟริกา นิยมนำมาปลูกหลังตู้ปลามีสีแดงสดสวยงาม ในธรรมชาติพบเป็นวัชพืชในนาข้าว หรือที่ลุ่มน้ำขัง จัดอยู่ในประเภทไม้ข้อ มีลำต้นสีเขียวอมแดง ตั้งตรง หรือทอดไปตามพื้น ลำต้นหนาประมาณ 2.5-5 มิลลิเมตร สูงได้ถึง 50 เซนติเมตร ใบออกตรงข้ามกันและตั้งฉากกันเป็นคู่ ลักษณะใบเป็นรูปไข่ มีสีเขียวไปจนถึงสีแดงสด หรือสีน้ำตาลแดง ขนาดใบยาวประมาณ 25 มิลลิเมตร กว้างประมาณ 10-12 มิลลิเมตร มีดอกขนาดเล็กเกิดตรงซอกใบ เป็นดอกสมบูรณ์เพศ ลักษณะดอกได้สัดส่วนกัน มีใบประดับรองรับส่วนของดอกประกอบด้วยฐานรองดอกที่แผ่กว้างเป็นรูปถ้วยมีกรีบดอกสีชมพูเข้ม 4 กลีบ มีผลเป็นแคปซูล มีเมล็ดขนาดเล็กจำนวนมาก",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์ได้ทั้งการเพาะเมล็ดหรือการตัดลำต้นปักชำในแปลงดินหรือกรวดขนาดเล็กที่ชื้นแฉะ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151215101846.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 32,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ใบพายศรีลังกา, คริปศรีลังกา",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Cryptocoryne wendtii \"green",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำสวยงามที่นิยมนำมาประดับตู้ปลา โดยเฉพาะบริเวณกลางตู้ มีราคาถูก หาซื้อได้ง่าย และเป็นพืชเศรษฐกิจส่งออกขายต่างประเทศ ใบพายศรีลังกาเป็นไม้น้ำที่มีชนิดความหลากหลายสูงมาก เช่น สี ความกว้าง และความยาว ของแผ่นใบ ในชนิดนี้คือ ใบพายศรีลังกาเขียว ซึ่งสามารถพบได้ทั้งความผันแปรที่เกิดโดยธรรมชาติ และจากการปรับปรุงพันธุ์ในการเพาะเลี้ยง ไม้น้ำชนิดนี้มีถิ่นกำเนิดอยู่ในประเทศศรีลังกา จึงนิยมเรียกว่าใบพายศรีลังกา มีใบแตกออกเป็นกอ ลักษณะใบเป็นรูปหอก สีของแผ่นใบมีสีเขียว ชอบใบเรียบจนถึงเป็นคลื่น ปลายใบแหลม ก้านใบกลม ใบประดับของช่อดอกบิดเป้นเกลียว และมีจุดสีม่วงเข้มกระจายอยู่ภายในเป็นชนิดที่แข็งแรงทนต่อสภาพแวดล้อม",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์โดยการแยกต้นอ่อนที่เกิดจากต้นเดิม และเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151215105040.JPG"
  },
  {
    "id": 33,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "หญ้าหัวหงอก, กระดุม",
    "common_name": "Pipewort, Piperwort",
    "scientific_name": "Eriocaulon cinereum",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Eriocaulaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "หญ้าหัวหงอก เป็นพืชล้มลุก อายุฤดูเดียว  ลำต้นและใบคล้ายกก ขึ้นเป็นกอมีรากหยั่งดิน ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยวมีลักษณะ  เรียวยาว ปลายใบแหลม ความยาวของแผ่นใบ 2-8 เซนติเมตร กว้าง  0.1-0.2 เซนติเมตร โคนใบแผ่กว้าง แตกออกจากกอแบบสลับถี่เป็น  วงรอบโคนต้น 20-30 ใบ ดอกมีสีขาวขนาดเล็กออกเป็นกระจุกกลม  ตรงปลายก้านดอก ขนาดเส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางดอกประมาณ 0.5-1 เซนติเมตร  ก้านช่อดอกชูดอกตั้งตรง ยาว 10-30 เซนติเมตร ยาวเลยปลายใบขึ้นไป  ภายในดอกมีเมล็ดขนาดเล็กสีนํ้าตาล ดอกออกประมาณเดือนตุลาคม  แล้วต้นจะแห้งตายไป พอถึงฤดูทำนาหรือมีนํ้าขังต้นจะงอกมาใหม่ ราก  มีจำนวนมากอาจมีความยาวมากกว่าความยาวใบถึง 3 เท่า ในธรรมชาติ  พบเจริญเติบโตบริเวณลำธาร นาข้าว ทุ่งหญ้าที่มีนํ้าขัง หรือบริเวณที่มี  ธาตุอาหารในดินสูง",
    "propagation": "ใช้วิธีแยกแบ่งกอไปเพาะในที่ชื้นแฉะ เพาะเมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151215110317.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 34,
    "categories_id": 15,
    "thai_name": "พลับพลึงธาร, หอมน้ำ",
    "common_name": "Thai Onion Plan",
    "scientific_name": "Crinum thaianum",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Amaryllidaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 26-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "พลับพลึงธาร Crinum thaianum Schulze เป็นพืชนํ้าที่จัดอยู่ในอันดับ Asparagales  วงศ์ Amaryllidaceae สกุล Crinum จัดเป็นพืชเฉพาะถิ่น หรือพืชถิ่นเดียว (endemic plant) โดย  พบเฉพาะในประเทศไทย มีการแพร่กระจายตามธรรมชาติเฉพาะในพื้นที่จังหวัดระนองตอนล่าง และพังงา  ตอนบน จัดเป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าประเภทชายนํ้า เจริญเติบโตบริเวณแหล่งนํ้าไหลที่ใสสะอาด ลักษณะเด่นของ  พลับพลึงธารคือมีลำต้นเป็นหัวอยู่ในดินใต้นํ้า ลักษณะของหัวคล้ายหัวหอมจึงมีชื่อเรียกอีกชื่อว่าหอมนํ้า  หัวซึ่งเป็นลำต้นใต้ดินที่มีจุดกำเนิดของใบเกล็ด ซ้อนกันหลายชั้นจนมีลักษณะเป็นหัว มีใบเป็นใบเดี่ยว  แตกออกจากลำต้นเป็นกอ แผ่นใบมีสีเขียวอ่อนลักษณะเป็นรูปแถบยาวคล้ายริบบิ้นพริ้วไปตามกระแสนํ้า  ขนาดใบกว้างประมาณ 2-5 เซนติเมตร ยาวประมาณ 40-100 เซนติเมตร ดอกออกเป็นช่อแบบช่อซี่ร่ม  ช่อละ 6-13 ดอกย่อย มีก้านดอกย่อยยาวเท่ากันและออกจากจุดเดียวกัน เป็นดอกสมบูรณ์เพศ มีเกสร  ตัวผู้และตัวเมียอยู่ในดอกเดียวกัน มีก้านช่อ ดอกอวบอ้วนสีแดงอมเขียวยาวประมาณ 40-130 เซนติเมตร  ส่งดอกชูขึ้นมาเหนือนํ้า โคนก้านช่อดอกมีกาบใบสีแดงหุ้มช่อดอกอ่อน ส่วนของดอกประกอบด้วย  กลีบเลี้ยง 3 กลีบ กลีบดอก 3 กลีบ มีสีขาว เป็นกลีบรวมและมีโคนกลีบติดกันเป็นหลอดเรียวยาวสีม่วง เรื่อๆ ปลายกลีบแยกเป็นกลีบยาว 6 แฉก เกสรเพศผู้ 6 อัน ติดอยู่ที่โคนกลีบรวม ออกดอกมากในช่วง  เดือนพฤศจิกายนถึงพฤษภาคม มีผลเป็นชนิดผลสดที่มีเปลือกอ่อนนุ่ม สีแดงอมเขียว ภายในมีเนื้อและ  มีเมล็ดจำนวน 1-12 เมล็ด เมล็ดมีสีเขียวผิวไม่เรียบ ลักษณะบิดเบี้ยวและเป็นเหลี่ยม",
    "propagation": "การขยายพันธุ์พลับพลึงธารสามารถทำได้ทั้งแบบอาศัยเพศ และไม่อาศัยเพศ ได้แก่  การใช้เมล็ด การแยกหัวย่อยขนาดเล็ก การผ่าแบ่งหัว และการคว้านหัว นำไปเพาะชำ  ในกรวดแม่น้ำขนาดเล็กที่ชื้นแฉะ หรือขยายพันธุโ์ ดยวิธีเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจากชิ้นสว่ น  กลีบหัว หรือเมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151215113253.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 35,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ขาไก่ด่าง",
    "common_name": "Dwarf Hygrophila",
    "scientific_name": "Hygrophila polysperma",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 27-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "ขาไก่ด่างเป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่กลายพันธุ์มาจากขาไก่เขียวที่แตกต่างออกไปคือ ลักษณะของใบจะมองเห็นเส้นใบชัดเจน เส้นใบจะมีสีขาวตัดกับสีเขียวของแผ่นใบ ทำให้มองเห็นเป็นลวดลาย จึงเรียก ''ขาไก่ด่าง'' เมื่อนำลงปลูกใต้น้ำ ใบที่อยู่ส่วนบนจะมีสีสวยงาม คือแผ่นใบด้านบนจะมีสีแดงหรือน้ำตาลแดงมองเห็นเส้นใบสีเหลืองอ่อนหรือสีขาวชัดเจน แผ่นใบด้านล่างสีเขียวอ่อน",
    "propagation": "ใช้การตัดลำต้นปักชำในแปลงดิน แล้วตัดลำต้นที่แตกใหม่ไปปักชำใต้น้ำก่อนลงปลูกประดับในตู้ปลา",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160215105624.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 36,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ดาวกระจายใบขนนก",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Hygrophila balsamica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำพื้นเมืองจากประเทศ ศรีลังกา และอินเดีย ซึ่งได้รับความนิยมในหมู่นักสะสมพรรณไม้น้ำทั่วโลกมาอย่างยาวนาน ในประเทศไทยหาได้ค่อนข้างยากและมีราคาสูงในตลาด เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำขนาดใหญ่ นิยมปลูกบริเวณหลังตู้ ลักษณะมีลำต้นตั้งตรง แบ่งเป็นข้อชัดเจนตามข้อ ข้อละ 2 ใบ บริเวณปลายยอดเกิดใบเป็นพุ่มมาโอบล้อมกัน 5-10 ใบ ลักษณะใบเกิดเป็นก้านขนาดใหญ่เรียวแหลมและแคบ มีใบแตกแขนงรอบก้านเป็นเส้นเล็กๆ คล้ายกับผักกูดเขสกวาง (Ceratopteris thalictroides) ซึ่งเมื่อได้รับแสงเต็มที่ ใบบริเวณปลายยอดจะเบ่งบานเหมือนดอกไม้ และจะหุบลงเมื่อหมดแสง เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่โตเร็วพอสมควร โดยจะเจริญเติบโตจนเลยผิวน้ำ ซึ่งต้องคอยตัดยอดมาปักชำใหม่เป็นประจำ",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาลงชำใหม่ในน้ำหรือ สภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151221100358.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 37,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ดาวกระจาย, เขากวาง",
    "common_name": "Water Wisteria",
    "scientific_name": "Hygrophilla difformis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "ดาวกระจาย หรือเขากวาง มีลำต้นตั้งตรง สูง 40-80 เซนติเมตร มีข้อปล้องเห็นชัดเจน แตก  กิ่งก้านสาขามาก ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยวออกจากลำต้นแบบตรงกันข้ามและตั้งฉากกับคูถั่ดไป ใบมี 2 แบบ รูปร่าง  ไม่ค่อยคงที่ ใบใต้นํ้าลักษณะเป็นแฉกลึก ใบบางนิ่ม สีเขียวอ่อน ส่วนใบเหนือนํ้าลักษณะเป็นรูปไข่ ขอบใบหยัก  เป็นซี่ฟันเลื่อย สีเขียวแก่ ใบหนาและอ่อนนุ่มมองดูคล้ายกำมะหยี่ ดอกออกเป็นช่อตามซอกใบมีดอกย่อย  1-3 ดอก ไม่มีก้านช่อดอก ดอกย่อยเป็นดอกสมบูรณ์เพศ ประกอบด้วยกลีบเลี้ยง 5 กลีบ สีเขียว  โคนกลีบเลี้ยงติดกันเป็นหลอด ปลายแยกเป็น 5 แฉก ขนาดความยาวไม่เท่ากัน กลีบดอกมี 5 กลีบ  โคนกลีบติดกันเป็นหลอด ปลายกลีบแยกเป็น 2 ส่วน ส่วนบนมี 2 แฉก สีม่วงอ่อน ส่วนล่างมี 3 แฉก  สีม่วงแก่ด้านในของกลีบดอกมีลวดลายเป็นสีม่วง เกสรตัวผู้มี 4 อัน ติดกับด้านในของกลีบดอก มีขนาด  สั้นยาวไม่เท่ากัน พบเจริญอยู่เหนือนํ้าหรือแบบครึ่งบกครึ่งนํ้า  บริเวณพื้นดินโคลน",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์โดยการตัดลำต้นปักชำ  ในแปลงดิน แล้วตัดลำต้นที่แตกใหม่ไปปักชำ  ใต้นํ้าจนกระทั่งใบมีลักษณะแตกเป็นหยัก  จึงนำไปประดับตู้ปลา",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20151221102022.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 38,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "ไฮโกรใบมน",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Staurogyne repens",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": ": แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์ได้เหมือนไม้ข้อสูงทั่วไป โดยการตัดลำต้นส่วนที่เกิดใหม่จากไหล หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอดที่ยืดยาวขึ้น มาปักชำบริเวณใหม่",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20151221105940.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 39,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "เทปยักษ์",
    "common_name": "Giant Vallis",
    "scientific_name": "Vallisneria gigantea",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Hydrocharitaceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่นิยมในตลาด และมีขายอย่างแพร่หลายและราคาไม่แพง นิยมนำมาปลูกประดับหลังตู้ซึ่งจะขยายพันธุ์ได้อย่างรวดเร็วและค่อนข้างสูงจึงควรเลี้ยงในตู้ที่มีขนาดใหญ่ ซึ่งเทปยักษ์มีถิ่นกำเนิดบริเวณประเทศในเขตเอเชีย  ตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ประเทศไทย ฟิลิปปินส์ และนิวกินี  จัดเปน็ พืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว เจริญอยูใ่ ตน้ ้ำ มักพบในน้ำ  ค่อนข้างใสมีแสงสว่างส่องถึง ลักษณะใบแบนแคบยาว  คล้ายริบบิ้น ใบมีความกว้างประมาณ 1-2 เซนติเมตร  และมีความยาวประมาณ 15-100 เซนติเมตร มีสีเขียวเข้ม  มีเส้นใบ 5-9 เส้นเรียงขนานกัน ดอกแบบแยกเพศ  มีกาบหุ้มดอก กาบดอกตัวผู้ยาวประมาณ 0-5 เซนติเมตร เมื่อดอกแก่กาบจะแตกออก ดอกจะลอยขึ้นสู่  ผิวน้ำ กาบดอกตัวเมียยาวประมาณ 1-2 เซนติเมตร หุ้มรังไข่ไว้ครึ่งหนึ่ง และมีแถบสีดำตามยาว ก้านดอก  ยาวบิดเป็นเกลียว ดอกประกอบด้วยกลีบเลี้ยงรูปกลมรีโค้งนูน กลีบดอกเป็นแผ่นบางใสคล้ายใบประดับ  รังไข่มีความยาวประมาณ 17-22 มิลลิเมตร มีเกสรตัวเมียเรียงสลับกับกลีบดอก มีความยาวประมาณ  2 มิลลิเมตร",
    "propagation": "โดยการแตกไหลและเกิดต้นอ่อน ให้ทำการตัดแยกต้นอ่อนมาปลูกใต้นํ้าในแปลง  ที่มีพื้นเป็นกรวดขนาดเล็ก",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160105092246.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 40,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "เทปเล็ก",
    "common_name": "Tapegrass, Eelgrass",
    "scientific_name": "Vallisneria spiralis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Hydrocharitaceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่นิยมในตลาด และมีขายอย่างแพร่หลายและราคาไม่แพง นิยมนำมาปลูกประดับหลังตู้ซึ่งจะขยายพันธุ์ได้อย่างรวดเร็วและค่อนข้างสูงจึงควรเลี้ยงในตู้ที่มีขนาดใหญ่ ซึ่งเทปเล็กนี้เป็นพืชใต้นํ้ามีอายุข้ามปี ชอบขึ้นในแหล่งนํ้านิ่งหรือ  ไหลเอื่อย ลำต้นเป็นเหง้าขนาดเล็กฝังอยู่ในดิน โคลนหรือทราย มีไหลสั้นๆ เลื้อยทอดออกไป มีรากฝอย  แตกออกตามข้อ ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยวไม่มีก้านใบ แผ่นใบยาวรูปร่างแบนคล้ายริบบิ้น สีเขียวอ่อน มีใบแตกที่ข้อ  เป็นกอๆ ละ 4-20 ใบ ใบมีเส้นใบจำนวน 3-9 เส้น ยาวขนานไปตามความยาวของใบ ปลายใบมีขอบหยัก  เป็นซี่ฟันเลื่อยเล็กๆ ใบแผ่ใต้ผิวนํ้ายาวได้ถึง 1 เมตร ดอกตัวผู้และดอกตัวเมียเกิดคนละต้น ดอกตัวผู้  มีขนาดเล็กเกิดที่โคนใบ มีก้านดอกสั้น ยาวประมาณ 6-9 มิลลิเมตร ใบประดับลักษณะบางใสดูคล้ายกาบ  หุ้มดอกอยู่ มีก้านยาวเป็นสันสามเหลี่ยม เมื่อดอกแก่จะลอยขึ้นสู่ผิวนํ้า แต่ละดอกประกอบด้วยกลีบเลี้ยง  3 กลีบ มีขนที่โคนกลีบ กลีบดอกขนาดเล็ก 1 กลีบ เกสรตัวผู้จำนวน 2-3 อัน เป็นหมัน 1 อัน เกสรตัวผู้  จะมีฟองอากาศอยู่ภายในทำให้เกสรที่แก่แล้วลอยขึ้นสู่ผิวนํ้า โดยลอยอยู่ระหว่างช่องว่างของกลีบดอก  ที่ติดกันเป็นวง ดอกตัวเมียมีขนาดใหญมี่จำนวน 1 ดอก มีกาบดอกรูปทรงกระบอกหุ้มอยู่ก้านดอกตัวเมีย  เป็นเส้นผอมยาว ชูดอกตัวเมียที่แก่ขึ้นสูผิ่วน้ำ เกิดการถ่ายละอองเกสรโดยกระแสน้ำเป็นตัวช่วยให้ดอกตัวผู้  และดอกตัวเมียมาติดกัน หลังจากมีการถ่ายละอองเกสรและมีการผสมเกสรแล้วก้านดอกจะบิดเกลียว  ดึงรังไข่ลงใต้นํ้า ผลชนิดแคปซูลรูปทรงกระบอก ยาวประมาณ 3-9 เซนติเมตร มีกาบหุ้ม ผลแก่ไม่แตก  มีเมล็ดจำนวนมาก ขนาดประมาณ 1-5 มิลลิเมตร",
    "propagation": "โดยการแตกไหลและเกิดต้นอ่อน ให้ทำการตัดแยกต้นอ่อนมาปลูกใต้นํ้าในแปลง  ที่มีพื้นเป็นกรวดขนาดเล็ก",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160105093040.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 41,
    "categories_id": 15,
    "thai_name": "ชบาใหญ่",
    "common_name": "Undulate Aponogeton",
    "scientific_name": "Aponogeton undulatus",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Aponogetonaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 22-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "ชบาใหญเ่ ปน็ พรรณไมน้ ้ำที่จัดอยู่ในไฟลัม (phylum) Tracheophyta ชั้น (class) Liliosida อันดับ  Najadales วงศ์ Aponogetonaceae โดยพืชในวงศ์นี้มีเพียง 1 สกุล คือสกุล Aponogeton มีจำนวน  ไม่ตํ่ากว่า 47 ชนิด พบแพร่กระจายในเขตอบอุ่นของโลก แต่ชนิดที่นิยมนำมาขยายพันธุ์และปลูกประดับ  ในตู้ปลาส่วนใหญ่มีถิ่นกำเนิดในทวีปเอเชีย ในธรรมชาติเจริญใต้นํ้าบริเวณนํ้าตื้นที่มีนํ้านิ่ง หรือนํ้าไหล  เอื่อยๆ เช่น นาข้าว หนอง บึง และลำธาร มีหัวหรือไรโซมอยู่ในพื้นดินใต้นํ้า มีใบแตกออกจากลำต้น  เป็นกอลักษณะเป็นแถบยาว มีช่อดอกแบบดอกย่อยไม่มีก้านดอก และดอกย่อยเรียงชิดกันอยู่ตรงปลาย  ก้านช่อดอก ดอกย่อยขนาดเล็กเป็นดอกสมบูรณ์เพศ ลักษณะดอกไม่ได้สัดส่วนกันแบบเท่ากันเพียง  สองด้าน มีก้านช่อดอกยาวส่งดอกเจริญเหนือนํ้า มีลักษณะคล้ายดอกชบา จึงมักเรียกว่าชบานํ้า  สำหรับชบานํ้าชนิดที่พบในประเทศไทยได้แก่ ชบาใหญ่ Aponogeton undulatus Roxb.  มีชื่อพ้องคือ Aponogeton stachyosporus de Wit มีถิ่นกำเนิดในประเทศไทย จนถึงแหลมมลายูประเทศ  มาเลเซีย หมู่เกาะบอร์เนียว พม่า ภูฏาน อินเดีย และศรีลังกา พบแพร่กระจายอยู่ในบริเวณแหล่งนํ้าจืด  เป็นพืชล้มลุกที่มีอายุข้ามปี มีลักษณะเด่นคือใบที่เจริญใต้นํ้ามีลวดลาย (mosaic) โดยบางส่วนของเนื้อเยื่อ  แผ่นใบโปร่งใส บางส่วนมีสีเขียวสด หรือสีเขียวเข้ม จึงมีความสวยงามมากเมื่อนำมาประดับตู้ปลา ใบเป็น  ใบเดี่ยวมีทั้งใบใตน้ ้ำและใบลอยน้ำ ใบมีกา้ นใบและแผน่ ใบชัดเจน ตรงโคนก้านใบแผ่เป็น กาบหุ้ม ประกบกันเส้นใบแตกแบบขนาน และมีเส้นใบเล็กๆ แตกตัดตามขวาง แผ่นใบยาวได้ถึง 40 เซนติเมตร กว้าง  40 มิลลิเมตร มีทั้งใบที่เจริญใต้นํ้า และใบที่เจริญเหนือนํ้า โดยใบที่เจริญเหนือนํ้ามีลักษณะรูปรีกว้าง  ฐานใบเป็นรูปคล้ายฐานของหัวใจ ขอบใบเรียบ ส่วนใบที่เจริญใต้นํ้ามีขอบใบเป็นคลื่นหรือหยิก มีช่อดอก  แบบดอกย่อยไม่มีก้านดอก มีดอกย่อยขนาดเล็กเรียงชิดกันอยู่ตรงปลายก้านช่อดอก มีก้านช่อดอกยาว  ส่งดอกเจริญเหนือนํ้า ตรงช่อดอกสามารถเกิดหัว ที่จะเจริญไปเป็นต้นอ่อนใหม่ได้ แต่ละช่อดอกสามารถ  เกิดต้นอ่อนใหม่ได้ถึง 12 ต้น นอกจากนี้ชบาใหญ่แต่ละต้นยังเกิดช่อดอกได้มากประมาณ 5-10 ช่อดอก",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยใช้เมล็ด หัว หรือเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจากชิ้นส่วนของช่อดอก",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160105150414.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 42,
    "categories_id": 15,
    "thai_name": "ใบตาข่ายใบกว้าง",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Aponogeton madagascariensis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Aponogetonaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-26 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นAponogeton ที่พบเฉพาะที่เกาะมาดากัสการ์ทางตะวันออกของทวีปแอฟริกา มีลักษณะเด่นต่างจากAponogetonชนิดอื่นคือ ใบมีลักษณะกว้างและค่อนข้างกลม มีลักษณะสานเป็นร่างแหสี่เหลี่ยมผืนผ้าขนาดเล็กคล้ายกับตาข่าย ใบเกิดใหม่มีสีแดง ในธรรมชาติ เมื่อดอกปฏิสนธิจะเกิดเป็นเมล็ดล่วงลง และถูกพัดไปตามกระแสน้ำโดยเมล็ดจะทำหน้าที่สะสมอาหารและมีขนาดใหญ่ขึ้นเรื่อยๆประมาณ1-5 เซนติเมตร ลักษณะดอกไม่ได้สัดส่วนกันแบบเท่ากันเพียง สองด้าน มีก้านช่อดอกยาวส่งดอกเจริญเหนือนํ้าแบบspadix มีลักษณะคล้ายดอกชบา โดยในปัจจุบันประเทศไทยนำเข้าไม้ชนิดนี้เป็นเมล็ดพันธุ์ เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่ราคาสูงและเลี้ยงค่อนข้างยาก ซึ่งสภาพแวดล้อมที่ใช้เลี้ยงควรมีความเหมะสม ทั้งความสว่างของไฟ ก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ ดินที่ใช้ปลูก อุณภูมิที่ค่อนข้างต่ำ และค่าpHของน้ำ มิเช่นนั้นใบจะเสียหายเน่าและละลายได้ง่าย",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยใช้เมล็ด หัว หรือเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อจากชิ้นส่วนของช่อดอก การกระตุ้นเมล็ดเปล่าให้เกิดใบทำได้โดยการแช่ไว้ในภาชนะที่ใส่น้ำและนำไปไว้ในที่มืดประมาณ 1 วันและนำมาปลูกในตู้ไม้น้ำตามปรกติ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160105151329.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 43,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "หญ้ากระดาษ",
    "common_name": "lesser bladderwort",
    "scientific_name": "Utricularia graminifolia",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lentibulariaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 16-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพืชกินแมลงชนิดหนึ่งที่เป็นไม้หน้าตู้ที่เจริญเติบโตได้ไวคล้ายพรมสีเขียว แต่อย่างไรก็ตาม การ\"เริ่ม\" ปลูกพืชชนิดนี้เป็นอุปสรรคสำคัญที่ทำให้มันยากต่อการเลี้ยงสำหรับมือใหม่ที่ไม่มีประสบการณ์ใช้หญ้ากระดาษมาประดับตู้ไม้น้ำมาก่อน การที่มันมีส่วนที่ใช้ดักจับสัตว์น้ำขนาดเล็ก กินเป็นอาหาร ของหญ้ากระดาษ เป็นส่วนหนึ่งที่พืชชนิดนี้เป็น อมตะสำหรับผู้รักไม้น้ำ ที่ต้องการเพิ่มพูนประสบกาณ์ ไม่ว่าจะพูดถึงในแง่ ของหายาก, ของลายคราม,ลักษณะที่แปลกและน่ารู้น่าสนใจ, ความผิดธรรมดา, ความแปลก ฯลฯ ซึ่งหญ้ากระดาษ Utricularia graminifolia อยู่ใน the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae) แหล่งกำเนิดพบมากใน เอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ทางตอนใต้ของจีน อินเดีย ศรีลังกา พม่า ลาว เวียตนาม  ในสภาพธรรมชาติเรามักพบในแบบครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ และมักพบหญ้ากระดาษใต้น้ำในฤดูฝน ตลอดแนวลำธาร เรามีกพบหญ้ากระดาษในร่มเงาไม้มากว่าบริเวณที่โดนแสงแดดจัดๆ หญ้ากระดาษชอบน้ำที่มีความกระด้างต่ำมากๆ(น้ำอ่อน) ซึ่งในอดีตก็เป็นอุปสรรคหนึ่งที่หญ้ากระดาษมักตายระหว่างการขนส่ง โชคดีที่ปัจจุบันได้มีการคัดเลือกสายพันธุ์ที่ทนทานต่อสภาพน้ำมากขึ้น  สภาพธรรมชาติครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "propagation": "แยกลำต้นใหม่จากไหลมาทำการปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินชื้นแฉะ หรือปล่อยให้ลามเองในตู้ปลาหรือในแปลง",
    "credit": "ภาพ ร้านคุณแพร ข้อมูล: Coffman และSit",
    "images": "20160105153137.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 44,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป คีดาแกง",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Kedakang",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างสูงในประเทศไทย ซึ่งราคาต่อต้นนั้นค่อนข้างสูง นิยมนำมาพันกับหินภูเขาไฟสีดำเพื่อตกแต่งประดับตู้ปลา ถูกพบในเเม่นํ้าเเละเเหล่งนํ้าไหล หรือริมตลิ่งบริเวณเกาะบอร์เนียว หรือเกาะอื่นๆในประเทศอินโดนีเซีย ซึ่งในสายพันธุ์ Kedakang นี้มีลักษณะเด่นคือ ลักษณะลำต้นมีสีแดงสด ใบเรียวยาว ใต้ใบมีสีชมพูสด หลังใบมีสีเขียวแวววาว มีจุดสีเงินแวววาวขนาดเล็กกระจายอยู่ทั่วใบ ขอบใบห่อขึ้นมาเป็นคลื่นเล็กน้อย เกิดรากตามข้อของลำต้น",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160113134410.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 45,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป บราวนี่โกส",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. ''Brownie ghost''",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างสูงในประเทศไทย ซึ่งราคาต่อต้นนั้นค่อนข้างสูง นิยมนำมาพันกับหินภูเขาไฟสีดำเพื่อตกแต่งประดับตู้ปลา ถูกพบในเเม่นํ้าเเละเเหล่งนํ้าไหล หรือริมตลิ่งบริเวณเกาะบอร์เนียว หรือเกาะอื่นๆในประเทศอินโดนีเซีย ซึ่งในสายพันธุ์ Brownie ghost นี้มีลักษณะเด่นคือ ลักษณะลำต้นมีสีแดงสด ใบเรียวยาว หลังใบเป็นสีม่วงสดเป็นลักษณะเด่นของบูเซปชนิดนี้ มีจุดสีเงินแวววาวขนาดเล็กกระจายอยู่ทั่วใบ ขอบของใบหยักเป็นคลื่นเล็กน้อย เป็นบูเซปที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างมากสายพันธุ์หนึ่งเลยก็ว่าได้",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160113134613.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 46,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "ตำลึงน้ำ",
    "common_name": "Japanese Cress",
    "scientific_name": "Cardamine lyrata",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Brassicaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิไม่เกิน 28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160113141411.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 47,
    "categories_id": 16,
    "thai_name": "ผักกูดเขากวาง, เฟิร์นเขากวาง, ผักกูดนา, ผักกูดน้ำ",
    "common_name": "Horn Fern, Pod Fern",
    "scientific_name": "Ceratopteris thalictroides",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Pteridaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "ผักกูดเขากวางเป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าที่นิยมนำมาปลูกประดับตู้ปลา โดยปลูกบริเวณหลังตู้ หรือข้างตู้ นอกจากนี้ใบอ่อน  ใช้รับประทานเป็นผัก เป็นพืชล้มลุกจำพวกเฟิร์น มีอายุฤดูเดียว พบทั่วไปในเขตร้อนของเอเชีย เกาะแปซิฟิก  และอเมริกา มักขึ้นตามหนองนํ้า คูคลอง นาข้าว ที่ระดับนํ้าไม่ลึกมาก มีแสงสว่างเพียงพอ เจริญอยู่ในน้ำ  ทั้งต้นหรือชูใบขึ้นเหนือนํ้า หรือขึ้นบนพื้นดินชื้นแฉะ มีลำต้นสั้น ตั้งตรง สูงประมาณ 10-60 เซนติเมตร  คลุมด้วยเกล็ดเล็กๆ ก้านใบใหญ่อวบนํ้า มีลักษณะเป็นสันสี่เหลี่ยมสีเขียว ใบมี 3 แบบคือ ใบแบบแรก  เป็นใบปกติ มีลักษณะเป็นใบประกอบแบบขนนก ใบย่อยมีแผ่นใบแผ่แบนคล้ายรูปสามเหลี่ยมจนถึง  ขอบขนาน มีสีเขียวอ่อนจนถึงเขียวสด มีเส้นใบสานกันแบบร่างแห เส้นกลางใบเห็นชัดเจน ใบแบบที่สอง  เป็นใบที่สร้างสปอร์ ลักษณะใบเป็นเส้นกลมที่ปลายใบแตกเป็น 2 ง่าม ใบย่อยแตกออกหลายแขนง  คล้ายกับการแตกกิ่งของเขากวาง อับสปอร์เกิดเรียงตามแนวเส้นใบ มีริมใบม้วนมาคลุมสปอร์สีเหลืองเข้ม  และใบแบบที่สามเป็นใบเดี่ยวแผ่ออกเป็นแผ่น ขอบใบหยักเว้า",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการแตกยอดเกิดต้นใหม่จากโคนต้น หรือเกิดสปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160113141849.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 48,
    "categories_id": 16,
    "thai_name": "เฟิร์นโบบิทิส, รากดำใบใหญ่",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bolbitis heteroclita",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lomariopsidaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "รากดำใบใหญ่ หรือ Bolbitis นิยมนำมาประดับสวนนํ้า(ในรุปแบบใบบก) หรือประดับตู้ปลา(ในรูปแบบใบน้ำ) โดยจัดเป็นไม้เด่นอยู่กลางตู้ หรือเกาะขอนไม้ก้อนหินประดับในตู้ปลา เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่มีราคาสูงและได้รับความนิยมในตลาด Bolbitis มีถิ่นกำเนิดในเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้  เช่นประเทศไทย เมียนมาร์ และบริเวณเขตร้อนแถบอินโดไชน่า เช่น จีน และไตห้ วัน โดยมักพบเจริญอยู่ตาม  ริมลำธารน้ำตก ทั้งบนดินและโขดหินที่มีดินติด ในพื้นที่ปา่ ดิบชื้น ที่มีความชุม่ ชื้นสูง มีแสงรำไรใกล้แหลง่ น้ำ  รากดำใบใหญ่มีชื่ออื่นคือ เฟิร์นหางหงส์ กูดเป้า และกูดเป้าหลวง เฟิร์นชนิดนี้มีลำต้นเป็นเหง้าเล็กผอม  กลม กว้างประมาณ 1-2 มิลลิเมตร สีเขียว ทอดขนานยาวไปตามผิวที่เกาะอาศัย เหง้ามีขนหรือเกล็ดสีดำ  ใบ เป็นใบเดี่ยวหรือใบประกอบขนนกปลายคลี่ ก้านใบสีเขียว มีเกล็ดหุ้ม แผ่นใบยาว 20-30 เซนติเมตร  ใบย่อย แตกเป็นคู่จำนวน 2-3 คู่ ใบย่อยรูปขอบขนาน โคนสอบ ก้านสั้น ปลายแหลมเรียวเป็นติ่ง ขนาด  ใบย่อย กว้าง 3-6 เซนติเมตร ยาว 7-15 เซนติเมตร ปลายติ่งยาว 4-7 เซนติเมตร ขอบใบเรียบ หรือเป็น  คลื่นเล็กน้อย หรือจักมน ใบที่ปลายก้านคอดและแหลมเรียวยาว ดูคล้ายหาง หางนี้ยาวประมาณ 50-80  เซนติเมตร เกิดต้นอ่อนขึ้นบนปลายใบ มีเส้นแขนงใบแบบร่างแหเห็นได้ชัดเจนทั้งด้านบนและด้านล่าง  ใบสปอร์มีรูปร่างแตกต่างจากใบปกติที่ไม่สร้างสปอร์ ก้านใบยาวกว่าใบปกติ และชูตัวใบตั้งขึ้นสูงกว่า  ทรงพุ่ม มีใบย่อย 4 คู่ รูปขอบขนานและผอมเรียวกว่าใบปกติ กลุ่มอับสปอร์เรียงตัวทั่วใต้แผ่นใบย่อย",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์โดยใช้สปอร์ และต้นอ่อนแตกจากใบ หรือเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ  จากใบอ่อน",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160113150434.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 49,
    "categories_id": 16,
    "thai_name": "เฟิร์นรากดำใบยาว, กูดหางนกกะลิง",
    "common_name": "Java Fern",
    "scientific_name": "Microsorium pteropus",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Polypodiaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นเฟิร์นที่นิยมปลูกประดับในตู้เลี้ยงปลาและตู้พรรณไม้นํ้า โดย  เหมาะสำหรับนำมาปลูกบริเวณ  กลางตู้ และหากนำมามัดติดกับก้อนหินหรือขอนไม้ที่ใช้ประดับตู้ปลา ลำต้นจะ  เลื้อยทอดและเกาะติดแน่นกับก้อนหินหรือขอนไม้ เฟิร์นรากดำใบยาวนี้มีลำต้นและใบเจริญเหนือนํ้าแต่สามารถ  เจริญได้ดีใต้นํ้า ลำต้นของรากดำใบยาวมีลักษณะเป็นเหง้า ใบมี  ลักษณะเป็นรูปหอก ปลายใบเรียวแหลม ขอบใบเรียบ แผ่นใบมี  ความกว้างอยู่ระหว่าง 2.5-7.5 เซนติเมตร และมีความยาว  อยู่ระหว่าง 5-25 เซนติเมตร ใบมีสีเขียวเข้ม รากมีขนาดเล็กและ  มีสีดำ จัดเป็นพืชที่มีการเจริญเติบโตช้า มีความสูงอยู่ระหว่าง 25-30  เซนติเมตร นิยมนำมาประดับตู้ปลาหรือตู้พรรณไม้นํ้ามาก สามารถ  ดัดแปลงตกแต่งได้หลายรูปแบบ เนื่องจากเจริญได้บนวัสดุหลายชนิด  เช่น บนพื้นกรวด บนก้อนหิน หรือบนขอนไม้มีการพบแพร่กระจาย  ในทวีปเอเชีย ได้แก่ อินเดีย ทางตอนใต้ของประเทศจีน บริเวณเขต  อินโดมาลายันไปจนถึงหมู่เกาะฟิลิปปนิส์ ในธรรมชาติพบขึ้นในบริเวณ  ที่สูง เจริญเติบโตตามซอกหินบริเวณริมลำธารหรือนํ้าตก",
    "propagation": "โดยการเกิดสปอร์จึงมีกลุ่มอับสปอร์เรียงตัวตามแนวเส้นกลางใบบริเวณด้านล่าง  ของแผ่นใบ การแยกต้นอ่อนที่เกิดจากสปอร์บริเวณใต้ใบไปมัดติดกับวัสดุใหม่ การตัดแบ่งไรโซม และ  การเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160113151221.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 50,
    "categories_id": 16,
    "thai_name": "เฟิร์นรากดำฟินิกส์",
    "common_name": "Phoenix Java Fern",
    "scientific_name": "Microsorium sp. \"Phoenix",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Polypodiaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นตระกูลเฟรินรากดำที่หายากและมีราคาค่อนข้างสูง ลักษณะเด่น ใบมีลักษณะผอมแคบ แตกแฉกบริเวณของใบ ดูคล้ายกับเปลวไฟ เป็นรากดำที่เจริญเติบโตได้ค่อนข้างช้า นิยมปลุกบริเวณกลางตู้เป็นพุ่มสวยงาม",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นอ่อนที่เกิดจากสปอร์บริเวณใต้ใบ หรือการตัดแบ่งไรโซมไปมัดติดกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น ขอนไม้ ก้อนหิน เป็นต้น หรือการเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160113152018.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 51,
    "categories_id": 16,
    "thai_name": "เฟิร์นรากดำไทรเด้นท์",
    "common_name": "Trident Java Fern",
    "scientific_name": "Microsorium sp. \"Trident",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Polypodiaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นตระกูลเฟรินรากดำขนาดเล็ก ลักษณะเด่น ใบมีลักษณะผอมแคบ แตกแฉกบริเวณขอบใบ 3 แฉกหรือมากกว่า เห็นเส้นลายใบชัดเจนสวยงาม นิยมปลุกบริเวณกลางตู้เป็นพุ่มสวยงาม",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นอ่อนที่เกิดจากสปอร์บริเวณใต้ใบ หรือการตัดแบ่งไรโซมไปมัดติดกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น ขอนไม้ ก้อนหิน เป็นต้น  หรือการเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160114104947.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 52,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป คอปเปอร์ลีฟ",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Copper leaf",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างสูงในประเทศไทย ซึ่งราคาต่อต้นนั้นค่อนข้างสูง นิยมนำมาพันกับหินภูเขาไฟสีดำเพื่อตกแต่งประดับตู้ปลา ถูกพบในเเม่นํ้าเเละเเหล่งนํ้าไหล หรือริมตลิ่งบริเวณเกาะบอร์เนียว หรือเกาะอื่นๆในประเทศอินโดนีเซีย ซึ่งในสายพันธุ์ Copper leaf นี้มีลักษณะเด่นคือ ใบจะมีลักษณะเป็นวงรีปลายทู่คล้ายกับรูปไข่ ใต้ใบมีสีน้ำตาล หลังใบมีสีน้ำตาลสนิมเมื่อโตเต็มที่ ในใบเกิดใหม่จะเป็นสีชมพูสดสวยงาม เป็นลักษณะเด่นของบูเซปชนิดนี้",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160114111018.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 53,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป บราวนี่โกสมินิ",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Brownie ghost mini",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างสูงในประเทศไทย ซึ่งราคาต่อต้นนั้นค่อนข้างสูง นิยมนำมาพันกับหินภูเขาไฟสีดำเพื่อตกแต่งประดับตู้ปลา ถูกพบในเเม่นํ้าเเละเเหล่งนํ้าไหล หรือริมตลิ่งบริเวณเกาะบอร์เนียว หรือเกาะอื่นๆในประเทศอินโดนีเซีย ซึ่งในสายพันธุ์ Brownie ghost mini นี้มีลักษณะเด่นคือ ลักษณะใบจะกลมมีขนาดเล็กมาก หลังใบมีสีเขียวอ่อนถึงสีม่วง มีจุดสีเงินแวววาวขนาดเล็กกระจายอยู่ทั่วใบ ลำต้นมีสีแดงสด",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160114111152.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 54,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "ผักแว่น, มาซีเรีย",
    "common_name": "Water Clover, Pepperwort",
    "scientific_name": "Marsilea crenata",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Marsileaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "ผักแว่น เป็นเฟิร์นนํ้าล้มลุก อายุหลายฤดู ในวงการพรรณไม้น้ำรู้จักกันในชื่อ \"มาซิเรีย\" ซึ่งเป็นรูปแบบใบน้ำของผักแว่น ซึ่งนักเล่นพรรณไม้น้ำอาจเข้าใจผิดว่าเป็นพรรณไม้น้ำต่างประเทศและมีราคาสูง แต่แท้ที่จริงแล้ว มาซีเรีย หรือมาซีเรีย4ใบ ซึ่งเป็นชื่อการค้าในตลาด ก็คือผักแว่นนำมาปรับสภาพเป็นใบน้ำนั่นเอง นิยมนำมาปลูกปูพื้นหน้าตู้พรรณไม้น้ำ โดยลักษณะของใบใต้น้ำของผักแว่นนี้ ใบจะกลายสภาพเป็นรูปพัดขนาดเล็ก มีก้านแข็งยาว และแตกต้นอ่อนโดยการแทงไหลไปกับพื้นดิน บางครั้ง แตกออกเป็น4แฉก ในต้นบกลำต้นหรือไหลมีลักษณะ  เป็นก้านยาวเลื้อยไปตามพื้นแตกรากและใบตามข้อหรือตาและงอก  เป็นต้นใหม่ มีก้านใบยาวชูแผ่ใบเหนือนํ้า ใบอ่อนมีลักษณะเป็นใบม้วน  (circinate leaf) เหมือนเฟิร์นทั่วไป ใบแก่จะเป็นใบประกอบมีใบย่อย  4 ใบ ใบย่อยรูปร่างแบบสามเหลี่ยมปลายใบโค้งกลม โคนใบสอบเข้าหากัน  ขอบใบเรียบหรือเป็นคลื่นหรือเป็นจักฟันเลื่อยเส้นใบสานกันเป็นตาข่าย  ไม่มีดอกแต่จะมีอับสปอร์เป็นเม็ดดำคล้ายเม็ดถั่วเขียวออกเป็นช่อ  ที่โคนก้านใบ พบขึ้นทั่วไปบริเวณที่ชื้นแฉะ ที่นํ้าท่วมขัง หรือในนาข้าว ไหลอ่อนสามารถ  รับประทานเป็นผัก มีสรรพคุณทางยาแก้ไข้ ร้อนใน  กระหายนํ้า ดับพิษ",
    "propagation": "โดยวิธีตัดแบ่งไหลไปปลูก หรือเพาะสปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160208092141.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 55,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ฝอยทอง(กลาง), ผักแขยง ผักกะแยง ผักกะออม(อีสาน), ผักพา(เหนือ)",
    "common_name": "Rice Paddy Herb, Finger Grass",
    "scientific_name": "Limnophila aromatica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Plantaginaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าสวยงามประดับตู้ปลา ยอดอ่อน ต้น  สามารถรับประทานเป็นผักเป็นส่วนประกอบในแกงอ่อม  ในภาคเหนือ-อีสาน มีสรรพคุณทางยาช่วยลดไข้ แก้คัน  หรือเป็นยาระบายอ่อนๆ ฝอยทองเป็นพืชล้มลุกมีอายุฤดูเดียว ลำต้นอวบนํ้า สูง 15-20  เซนติเมตร ใบเดี่ยวรูปหอก ไม่มีก้านใบ ขนาดใบยาว 2-4 เซนติเมตร กว้าง  0.5-1 เซนติเมตร ขอบใบจักเป็นฟันเลื่อย ใบแตกออกจากลำต้นแบบเป็น  วงรอบข้อ 3 ใบ ใบน้ำคล้ายกับอุสเทอราริส ยอดจะแตกใบเป็นพุ่ม และมีสีที่หลากหลายตามความเข้มของแสงมีตั้งแต่สีเขียว แดง ม่วง ขอบใบเป็นหยักเช่นเดียวกับใบบกแต่มีความพริ้วและยาวกว่า ดอกออกเป็นช่อที่บริเวณโคนกิ่งหรือซอกใบ ก้านช่อดอกยาว  มีขน กลีบดอกสีม่วงแดง โคนกลีบติดกันเป็นหลอดยาว ปลายกลีบแบ่งเป็น  2 ส่วน ส่วนบนมี 2 แฉก ส่วนล่างมี 3 แฉก ผลเดี่ยวแบบผลแห้งแก่แล้ว  แตกออก ต้นและใบเมื่อหักดูจะมีกลิ่นหอมฉุน พบขึ้นบริเวณที่ชื้นแฉะ นาข้าว  คลอง บึงนํ้า",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นหรือส่วนยอด หรือส่วนที่แตกใหม่มาปักชำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ ข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160208112811.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 56,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "สาหร่ายฉัตร",
    "common_name": "Ambulia",
    "scientific_name": "Limnophila heterophylla",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "พืชใต้นํ้ามีรากยึดดิน ลำต้นเป็นก้านยาว ความยาวต้นอาจยาวได้ถึง 50 เซนติเมตร หรือขึ้นกับ  ระดับความลึกของนํ้า ดูคล้ายพุ่มใต้นํ้า มีรากยาวสีขาวแตกตามข้อแก่ ใบใต้นํ้าเรียงเป็นวงรอบข้อๆ ละ  6-9 ใบ ใบแตกแขนงเป็นเส้นเล็กๆ ไม่มีก้านใบ ปลายใบแตกเป็นฝอย ใบเหนือนํ้ายาวรีปลายใบแหลม  ขอบใบจักฟันเลื่อย ใบเรียงรอบข้อๆ ละ 2-3 ใบ แผ่นใบมีสีเขียวเข้มกว่าใบใต้นํ้า ดอกเดี่ยวสีขาวขนาดเล็ก  ประกอบด้วยกลีบเลี้ยง 5 กลีบ โคนกลีบติดกันปลายแยกเป็นกลีบแหลม กลีบดอกมี 5 กลีบ โคนกลีบ  ติดกันเป็นหลอด ปลายหลอดแยกออกเป็นสองส่วน ส่วนบนมี 3 กลีบมนๆ ส่วนล่างมี 2 กลีบปลายมน  แยกกันเล็กน้อย เป็นดอกสมบูรณ์เพศ เกสรตัวผู้มี 4 อันมีขนาดยาว 2 อัน สั้น 2 อัน ติดอยู่บนหลอดของ  กลีบดอก เกสรตัวเมียประกอบด้วยรังไขมี่ 2 ช่อง อยู่เหนือส่วนอื่นของดอก ออกดอกบริเวณซอกใบเหนือน้ำ  ผลขนาดเล็กเมื่อแห้งแก่แล้วแตก  ภายในมีเมล็ดจำนวนมาก พบเจริญ  เติบโตในนํ้านิ่งหรือในนาข้าว",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นไปปักชำ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160208135924.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 57,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "สาหร่ายพุงชะโด",
    "common_name": "Coontail, Immersed Hornwort",
    "scientific_name": "Ceratophyllum demersum",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Ceratophyllaceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 10-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "สาหร่ายพุงชะโด นิยมนำมาปลูกประดับตู้ปลา โดยปลูกบริเวณหลังตู้ หรือปลูกในอ่างนํ้า นอกจากนี้  ยังใช้เป็นอาหารเลี้ยงปลาได้ เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่มีราคาถูก หาได้ทั่วไปตามท้องตลาด ลักษณะ จัดเป็นพืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงคู่ พบแพร่กระจายทั่วโลก มักขึ้นอยู่ในหนองบึง นาข้าว จัดเป็นพืชนํ้าจืดที่มีอายุหลายฤดู มีการเจริญเติบโตอยู่ใต้นํ้าส่งปลายยอดขึ้นมาที่ผิวนํ้า ลำต้นผอมเป็นสายกลมยาว  แตกกิ่งก้านมาก ไม่มีราก ลอยเป็นอิสระอยู่ใต้ผิวนํ้า มีใบเรียงรอบข้อเป็นชั้น จำนวนข้อละ 7-12 ใบ  ใบมีลักษณะเป็นเส้นยาวคล้ายเส้นด้าย สีเขียวสด ขอบใบจักแบบฟันเลื่อย ปลายใบแตกเป็นซ่อม 1-2 ชั้น  ทำให้เห็นตรงปลายมี 2-4 แฉก ขนาดใบยาว 1.5-4 เซนติเมตร หากได้รับแสงสว่างและแร่ธาตุเพียงพอ  ส่วนยอดจะมีสีชมพูสวยงาม ดอกมีขนาดเล็กสีขาวจนถึงออกเขียว เกิดอยูที่โคนซอกใบเป็นดอกเดี่ยวแบบแยกเพศแต่เกิดบนต้นเดียวกัน ดอกเพศผู้ไม่มีก้านดอก ประกอบด้วยเกสรตัวผู้จำนวน 8-24 อัน อับเกสร สีขาวมี 2 ห้อง ดอกเพศเมียมีขนาดเล็ก รังไข่ไม่มีก้านอยู่เหนือส่วนอื่นของดอก มี 1 ห้อง ออวุล 1 เม็ด  ผลเป็นชนิดอะซีน รูปไข่มีขนาดเล็กสีดำ ยาวประมาณ 0.5 เซนติเมตร มีหนามแหลมที่ปลายบน 1 อัน  และที่ฐานอีก 2 อัน",
    "propagation": "ขยายพันธุ์โดยการตัดลำต้นปักชำใต้นํ้า",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160209091105.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 58,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ผักเป็ดแดง",
    "common_name": "Sessile Joyweed, Dwarf Copper Leaf",
    "scientific_name": "Alternanthera sessilis",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Amaranthaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "ผักเป็ดแดงจัดอยู่ในอันดับ Caryophyllales วงศ์ Amaranthaceae สกุล Alternanthera  ซึ่งพืชสกุล Alternanthera มีประมาณ 80 ชนิด (species) แตที่จัดเปน็ พรรณไม้น้ำมีอยู่ประมาณ 6 ชนิด  ผักเป็ดน้ำเป็นพืชน้ำประเภทสะเทินน้ำสะเทินบก จัดเป็นพืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงคู่ สำหรับผักเป็ดแดง  Alternanthera sessilis เป็นพรรณไมพื้นเมืองของไทยที่พบเจริญไดทั้งในน้ำและบนบกที่ชุ่มชื้นจึงจัดเป็น  พืชนํ้าประเภทสะเทินนํ้าสะเทินบกที่มีอายุหลายปี ลำต้นตั้งตรงหรือเลื้อยไปตามพื้นดิน ปลายยอดชูตั้งสูง  ประมาณ 30 เซนติเมตร ภายในกลวง มีขนอ่อนปกคลุม มักมีรากออกตามข้อใกล้พื้นดิน ลำต้นสีเขียว  ออกม่วงแดง มีข้อปล้องชัดเจน มีใบเดี่ยวแตกออกจากลำต้นแบบตรงข้าม แผ่นใบด้านบนมีสีเขียวมะกอก  เป็นรูปไข่กลับ ส่วนปลายใบกว้างกว่าส่วนโคนใบ ปลายใบแหลม ใบยาว 1-4 เซนติเมตร กว้าง 1-1.5  เซนติเมตร ขอบใบเป็นฟันเลื่อยตื้นๆ ก้านใบสั้นขนาด 1-5 มิลลิเมตร ออกดอกเมื่อเจริญเหนือนํ้า โดยดอก  ออกเป็นช่อ มีดอกย่อยขนาดเล็กสีขาว สมบูรณ์เพศ ดอกย่อยออกเรียงเป็นกระจุกแบบช่อกระจุกแน่นอยู่  ตรงซอกใบ กลีบเลี้ยงขนาดยาว 2.5-3 มิลลิเมตร สมมาตรตามรัศมี เกสรเพศผู้ 5 อัน เกสรเพศเมีย  1 อัน ผลเป็นแบบผลเดี่ยวเปลือกเป็นเยื่อบางๆ หุ้มเป็นถุงไว้ ภายในมี 1 เมล็ด เมล็ดกลมมีเนื้อใน  (endosperm) หนา",
    "propagation": "ใช้วิธีตัดลำต้นปักชำในแปลงดิน หรือกรวดขนาดเล็กที่ชื้นแฉะ หรือใช้เมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160209110320.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 59,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "พรมมิ, หยดน้ำตา",
    "common_name": "Dwarf Bacopa",
    "scientific_name": "Bacopa monnieri",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Scrophulariaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "พรมมิเป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่นิยมนำมาประดับตู้ปลา โดยมักปลูกไว้กลางตู้ หรือข้างตู้ นอกจากนี้ยังใช้รับประทานเป็น  อาหาร และใช้เป็นพืชสมุนไพรโดยมีสารต้านอนุมูลอิสระ สารสำคัญที่พบในพรมมิคือ  สารซาโปนิน ซึ่งมีผลในการชะลอการเสื่อมของเซลล์สมอง พรมมิเป็นพืชล้มลุกอายุฤดูเดียวหรือหลายฤดู จัดเป็นพืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงคู่ พบบริเวณแหล่งนํ้าจืด  ชอบขึ้นริมชายนํ้า ในแหล่งนํ้านิ่ง หรือตามพื้นดินที่มีนํ้าขัง หรือนํ้าตื้นๆ พรมมิเป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าพื้นเมือง  ของไทย จัดเป็นพืชมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงคู่ พบตามที่ชื้นแฉะนํ้าขัง และชายนํ้าตามหนองนํ้า มีลำต้นเกลี้ยง  อวบนํ้า เลื้อยทอดไปตามพื้น และชูปลายยอดขึ้นเหนือนํ้า ลำต้นที่ตั้งตรงสูงประมาณ 15-20 เซนติเมตร  รากยึดดินหรือรากแตกตามข้อที่ติดดิน มีใบเดี่ยว แตกจากลำต้นแบบตรงข้ามเป็นคู่แบบตั้งฉาก ต้นทั้งที่  เจริญเหนือนํ้าและใต้นํ้าไม่มีขน ไม่มีก้านใบ แผ่นใบสีเขียวรูปไข่กลับยาวประมาณ 10-20 มิลลิเมตร  กว้างประมาณ 5-8 มิลลิเมตร ขอบใบเรียบ ปลายใบมนโคนใบสอบ แผ่นใบค่อนข้างเรียบ เห็นเส้นใบ  ชัดเจน ดอกเดี่ยวสมบูรณ์เพศออกตามซอกใบ ดอกประกอบด้วยกลีบเลี้ยง 5 กลีบ โคนกลีบติดกันเป็น  รูปกรวย กลีบดอกยาวประมาณ 10 มิลลิเมตร มีสีขาว ม่วงอ่อน จนถึงสีครามอ่อน ตอนโคนติดกันเป็น  หลอด ตอนปลายแตกเป็น 5 กลีบ กลีบดอกยาวประมาณ 10 มิลลิเมตร เกสรเพศผู้มี 4 อัน ติดอยู่กับ  กลีบดอก รังไข่มี 2 ช่อง ภายในมีไข่อ่อนจำนวนมาก ผลเดี่ยวแบบผลแห้งแก่แล้วแตกใบเดี่ยวรูปไข่  ค่อนข้างยาวขนาดเล็กคล้ายหยดนํ้า",
    "propagation": "สามารถขยายพันธุ์ได้ง่ายโดยวิธีตัดลำต้นปักชำในแปลงดินหรือกรวดขนาดเล็ก  ที่ชื้นแฉะ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160209110903.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 60,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ขาไก่เขียว",
    "common_name": "Draft Hygrophila, Indian Swampweed, Green Hygro",
    "scientific_name": "Hygrophila polysperma",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง , Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20 - 29 องศา",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้นํ้าสวยงามประดับตู้ปลา นิยมปลูกบริเวณกลางตู้หรือหลังตู้ มีลำต้นเรียวยาวแตกกิ่งก้าน  จากลำต้นเดิม มีข้อปล้องชัดเจน รากงอก  ออกจากข้อของลำต้นและบริเวณโคนต้น  ลำต้นที่ขึ้นใต้นํ้ามักจะขึ้นตั้งตรง ลำต้น  ที่เจริญเหนือนํ้ามีขนปกคลุมและถ้าตัดขวาง  บริเวณลำต้น ต้นที่อ่อนมากๆ จะมีลักษณะ  เป็นสี่เหลี่ยม เมื่อต้นแก่ขึ้นจะมีความ  แข็งแรงกว่าลำต้นที่เจริญใตน้ำ ใบเดี่ยวรูปไข่ค่อนข้างยาว ปลายใบทู่ แผ่น ใบสีเขียวอ่อนถึงสีเขียวเข้ม หรือ  สีเขียวอมนํ้าตาล หากได้รับแสงแดดจัดและมีธาตุอาหารที่เหมาะสม แผ่นใบบริเวณปลายยอดจะมีสีเขียวอ่อน  ใบแตกออกเป็นคู่ ตรงข้ามกันและออกสลับกับคูถั่ดไป ดอกออกเป็น ช่อตามซอกของใบอยูบริเวณเหนือน้ำ  ไม่มีก้านช่อดอก กลีบดอกสีม่วงอ่อนหรือสีขาว โคนกลีบดอกติดกันเป็นหลอด ปลายกลีบแยกเป็นสองส่วน  ส่วนบนมี 2 แฉก ส่วนล่างมี 3 แฉก กลีบรองหรือใบประดับมีลักษณะเป็นเส้นยาว จำนวน 2 ใบ มีขนปก  เกือบทุกส่วนของดอก ผลเป็นแบบแก่แล้วแห้งแตก (capsule) ภายในมีเมล็ด 20-30 เมล็ด พบขึ้นบริเวณ  ที่มีกระแสนํ้าไหลเอื่อยๆ หรือบริเวณที่มีนํ้าท่วมขัง เช่น อ่างเก็บนํ้า หนองบึง เป็นต้น",
    "propagation": "การขยายพันธุ์ใช้วิธีการตัดลำต้นปักชำในแปลงดิน แล้วตัดลำต้นที่แตกใหม่ไปปักชำ  ใต้นํ้า จนกระทั่งมีลักษณะเรียวยาวจึงนำไปประดับตู้ปลา",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160210104326.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 61,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "หางนกยูงใบยาว, หลิวนํ้า",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Hygrophila ringens",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "หางนกยูงใบยาว หรือหลิวนํ้า มีลำต้นเหนือนํ้ามีลักษณะกลมเรียว สีเขียว มีขนสีขาว ใบเดี่ยว  มีสีเขียวเข้ม แตกออกจากลำต้นแบบตรงข้ามสลับฉาก ใบยาวและแคบ ขอบใบเกือบจะขนานกัน  ปลายใบแหลม โคนใบมน ลำต้นใต้นํ้ามีลักษณะกลมเรียวยาว สีนํ้าตาลแดง ไม่มีขน แผ่นใบบางเรียวยาว  สีเขียวอ่อน ฐานใบเรียวแหลมติดกับลำต้น ใบใต้นํ้ามักจะมีขนาดความยาวมากกว่าใบเหนือนํ้า ๒-๓ เท่า  พลิ้วตัวไปตามกระแสนํ้า ดอกออกเป็นช่อตามซอกใบ ช่อดอกแบบ umbel หรือ panicle ดอกประกอบ  ด้วยกลีบเลี้ยง ๕ กลีบ สีเขียว ตอนโคนของกลีบเลี้ยงติดกันเป็นหลอด กลีบดอกมี ๒ กลีบ สีม่วงอ่อน  กลีบล่างซ้อนอยู่กับกลีบบน กลีบล่างด้านในมีลักษณะเป็นริ้วนูนขึ้นมา ผลเป็นแบบ capsule ภายใน  มีเมล็ดจำนวนมาก การกระจายพันธุใ์ นธรรมชาติพบเจริญอยูเ่ หนือน้ำหรือแบบครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ ขึ้นริมลำธาร  นํ้าตก",
    "propagation": "ใช้วิธีการตัดลำต้นปักชำในแปลงดิน แล้วตัดลำต้นที่แตกใหม่ไปปักชำใต้นํ้าจนกระทั่ง  มีลักษณะเรียวยาว จึงนำไปประดับตู้ปลา",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160210110906.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 62,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "หางนกยูงแดง, หางนกยูงแคระ",
    "common_name": "Star Horn",
    "scientific_name": "Hygrophilla corymbosa",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 25-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "หางนกยูงแดง เป็นพืชล้มลุก พบขึ้นในคูนํ้า ร่องสวน  ที่มีพื้นเป็นดินโคลน มีลำต้นเหนือนํ้าลักษณะกลมเรียว  สีนํ้าตาลแดง ใบเป็นใบเดี่ยว แผ่นใบด้านบนมีสีเขียวอมนํ้าตาล  ด้านล่างสีเขียว ใบแตกออกจากลำต้นเรียงตัวตรงข้ามกันและ  ตั้งฉากกันเป็น คู่ๆ ลำต้นใต้น้ำมีลักษณะกลมเรียวสีน้ำตาลแดง  แผ่นใบใต้นํ้าบางเรียบด้านบนสีแดงด้านล่างสีเขียวอ่อน ไม่มี  ก้านใบ ใบเหนือนํ้ามักจะมีขนาดเล็กกว่าใบใต้นํ้า ดอกออก  เป็นช่อตามซอกใบ ช่อดอกแบบซี่ร่ม ดอกประกอบด้วย  กลีบเลี้ยงสีเขียว 5 กลีบ ตอนโคนของกลีบเลี้ยงติดกันเป็น  หลอด กลีบดอกมี 2 กลีบสีม่วงอ่อน กลีบล่างซ้อนอยู่บน  กลีบบน กลีบล่างด้านในมีลักษณะเป็นริ้วนูนขึ้นมา ผลเมื่อแก่  จะแห้งแล้วแตกออก ภายในมีเมล็ดจำนวนมาก",
    "propagation": "การขยายพันธุ์ใช้วิธีการตัดลำต้นปักชำ  ในแปลงดิน แล้วตัดลำต้นที่แตกใหม่ไปปักชำ  ใต้นํ้า จนกระทั่งมีลักษณะเรียวยาวจึงนำไปประดับตู้ปลา",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160211133421.png"
  },
  {
    "id": 63,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "หางนกยูง",
    "common_name": "Stiff Beargrass",
    "scientific_name": "Nomaphila stricta",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "นิยมปลูกประดับในตู้ปลาและตู้พรรณไม้น้ำโดยปลูกบริเวณกลางตู้หรือหลังตู้ ลำต้นใต้ดินมีลักษณะเป็นเหง้า ลำต้นตั้งตรงหรือเลื้อยไปตามพื้น  ลำต้นเหนือนํ้าเป็นข้อกลมเรียวสีนํ้าตาลอมแดง รากงอกออกตามข้อ ใบเป็น  ใบเดี่ยว แตกออกจากลำต้น แบบเรียงตัวตรงข้ามกัน และตั้งฉากกับคูถั่ดไป  มีลักษณะเป็นรูปหอกกว้างเกือบกลม ขอบใบเรียบ แผ่นใบด้านบนมีสีเขียว  เข้มหรือเขียวเข้มอมนํ้าตาล ใต้ใบมีสีเขียว แผ่นใบมีขนาดความกว้าง  ประมาณ 5 เซนติเมตร และมีความยาวประมาณ 10 เซนติเมตร ใบเหนือนํ้า  กับใบใต้นํ้ามีความแตกต่างกันมาก ใบใต้นํ้ามักจะมีขนาดความยาวและ  ความกว้างมากกว่าใบเหนือนํ้า 1-2 เท่าตัว ดอกออกเป็นช่อตามซอกใบ  ช่อดอกแบบซี่ร่ม ดอกประกอบด้วยกลีบเลี้ยง 5 กลีบ สีเขียว ตอนโคนของ  กลีบเลี้ยงติดกันเป็นหลอด กลีบดอกมี 5 กลีบ ปลายกลีบแยกเป็น 2 ส่วน  ส่วนบนมี 2 แฉก ส่วนล่างมี 3 แฉก กลีบดอกสีม่วงอ่อน เกสรเพศผู้มี  4 อัน มีลักษณะ 2 คู่ยาวไม่เท่ากัน เกสรเพศเมียมี 1 อัน ผลเป็นแบบ  แคปซูล ภายในมีเมล็ดจำนวนมาก เจริญเติบโตบริเวณที่ลุ่มหรือที่ชื้นแฉะ",
    "propagation": "ใช้วิธีเด็ดหรือตัดยอดปักชำในแปลงดินหรือทรายที่ชื้นแฉะ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: ดร. กาญจนรี พงษ์ฉวี และคณะ",
    "images": "20160211134346.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 64,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "มอสขนนกUS",
    "common_name": "Fissidens Moss",
    "scientific_name": "Fissidens fontanus",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Fissidentaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้โดยพันติดกับวัสดุ",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-26 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นมอสจากประเทศอเมริกา มีความสวยงามและมีราคาแพง ลักษณะเด่นคือ เป็นเส้นสายสั้นๆแตกแขนงค่อนข้างสม่ำเสมอกัน ใบมีลักษณะเรียวแหลมจัดเรียงตัวเป็นสองแถวขนานและเท่าๆกันคล้ายขนนก มีสีเขียวอ่อนถึงสีเขียวเข้ม นิยมนำมาพันกับวัสดุเพื่อตกแต่งเช่น ตะแกรงสแตนเลส ขอนไม้ หิน เป็นต้น เป็นมอสที่เลี้ยงค่อนข้างยากเพราะเจริญเติบโตได้ช้า และเมื่อติดตะใคร่แล้วจะกำจัดออกได้ยาก",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ หรือใช้สปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160215100049.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 65,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "ริคคาเดีย",
    "common_name": "Coral Moss, Mini Pellia",
    "scientific_name": "Riccardia chamedryfolia",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Aneuraceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้โดยพันติดกับวัสดุ",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นมอสชนิดหนึ่งที่มีลักษณะเฉพาะคือ ใบจะแตกเป็นหยักคล้ายกับปะการัง ถ้าเลี้ยงที่มีแสงน้อยจะมีสีเขียวเข้ม ในที่มีแสงมากจะเป็นสีเขียวอ่อน ในธรรมชาติพบเกาะตามโขดหิน หรือต้นไม้ ในที่ชุ่มชื้น นิยมนำมาพันกับวัสดุต่างๆ เช่น ตะแกรงอลูมิเนียม หิน หรือขอนไม้ เพื่อประดับตกแต่งตู้ปลา เป็นมอสที่นิยมในตลาดบ้านเราเป็นอย่างมากและค่อนข้างมีราคาแพง",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ หรือใช้สปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160215101518.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 66,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "มอสมินิเพิล",
    "common_name": "Mini Pearl Moss",
    "scientific_name": "Blepharostoma trichophylum",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Pseudolepicoleaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้โดยพันติดกับวัสดุ",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-26 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป็นมอสที่มีลำต้นขนาดเล็ก ลักษณะเป็นเส้นสายไม่ยาวแตกแขนงไม่สม่ำเสมอซึ่งมีใบจัดเรียงแถวเป็นสองแถวมีลักษณะเด่น คือปลายใบที่แตกแขนงค่อนข้างมน เป็นเส้นอวบสั้นๆ มีสีเขียวอ่อนแวววาว เป็นมอสน้ำที่นิยมในตลาดมากเพราะมีสีสันสวยงามและไม่เจริญเติบโตเร็วจนเกินไป นิยมนำมาพันกับวัสดุเพื่อตกแต่งเช่น ตะแกรงสแตนเลส ขอนไม้ หิน เป็นต้น",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ หรือใช้สปอร์",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160215104948.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 67,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "เพิร์ลใบมือ",
    "common_name": "River buttercup",
    "scientific_name": "Ranunculus inundatus",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Ranunculaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป้นไม้ล้มลุกนิยมปลูกบริเวรหน้าตู้ มีลักษณะคล้ายมาซีเลีย4ใบ(ผักแว่น) คือมีลำต้นเป็นก้านยาวเลื้อยไปตามพื้นแตกรากและใบตามข้อหรือตาและงอกเป็นต้นใหม่ มีก้านใบเป็นเส้นยาว ประกอบด้วยใบเดี่ยวที่มีลักษณะแปลกตาคือแตกออกเป็นแฉก3-5แฉก คล้ายกับมือคนที่กำลังแบอยู่มีขนาด2-4 เซนติเมตร",
    "propagation": "แยกไหลที่เป็นลำต้นเกิดใหม่ไปปลูก",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160215105435.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 68,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "มอสเกล็ดปลา, พีเรีย",
    "common_name": "Pellia Moss",
    "scientific_name": "Monosolenium tenerum",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Monosoleniaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้โดยพันติดกับวัสดุ",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นมอสในกลุ่ม liverworts พบได้ทั่วไปในเขตร้อนและเขตอบอุ่นทั่วโลก และในบ้านเรามักพบขึ้นในป่าติดตามต้นไม้ โขดหินตามน้ำตก ลักษณะใบบก ใบมีลักษณะกลมหยักคล้ายกับปะการัง เรียงติดกันเป็นแผ่น ส่วนลักษณะใบใต้น้ำลักษณะใบกลมหยักคล้ายกับปะการังเช่นกัน แต่จะมีสีเขียวใส และลักษณะเหมือนวุ้น นิยมนำมาพันตะแกรง หิน ขอนไม้ เพื่อประดับหน้าตู้ปลา",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ หรือปล่อยให้ลอยขึ้นสู่ผิวน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160215110827.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 69,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "สันตะวา, บริกซ่า",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Blyxa japonica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Hydrocharitaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่ได้รับความนิยมอย่างแพร่หลายในบ้านเรา ด้วยลักษณะที่เป็นพุ่มสวยงามสะดุดตา โดยสันตะวานี้เป็นพืชใต้น้ำมีดอก ใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว มีต้นจมอยู่ใต้น้ำ พบในน้ำค่อนข้างใส มีแสงสว่างส่องถึง มีทรงเป็นพุ่ม มีไหลที่โคน ใบแคบยางเรียงตัวเป็นกระจุก ขนาดความยาว 7-20 เซนติเมตร ฐานใบแผ่ออกเป็นกาบใบ มีดอกเดี่ยวสมบูรณ์เพศ ลักษณะเมล็ดเป็นรูปกระสวย",
    "propagation": "ตัดแยกต้นใหม่จากไหลไปปลูกบริเวณใหม่ หรือเพาะจากเมล็ด",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160215112130.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 70,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "โรทาล่าสลีปแบร์",
    "common_name": "Sleep Bear Rotala",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala mexicana",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "เป็นโรทาล่าพันธุ์ที่นิยมปลูกบริเวณหน้าตู้ ด้วยลักษณะเด่นที่เลื้อยขนานไปกับพื้น ไม่ตั้งตรงเหมือนโรทาล่าชนิดอื่น พบแพร่กระจายเป็นวงกว้างทั่วโลก ลักษณะลำต้นแบ่งเป็นข้อ ขนานนอนไปกับพื้น ขนาดความยาว 2-4 เซนติเมตร ใบลักษณะเรียวแหลมรูปหอกมีสีเขียว ชมพู จนถึงสีแดงและค่อนข้างแข็งกว่าโรทาล่าชนิดอื่น โดยใบจะเกิดตามข้อข้อละ 2-6 ใบ มีรากเกิดตามแต่ละข้อ ลักษณะต้นเหนือน้ำ ลำต้นเล็กลงมีใบเกิดตามข้อสั้นๆรอบๆข้อ ใบค่อนข้างแข็งและมีสีเขียวสดเลื้อยขนาดไปตามพื้นเช่นกัน โรทาล่าชนิดนี้ค่อนข้างหายากและราคาแพงในตลาดบ้านเรา",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160215112629.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 71,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "อเมซอน เอสเพอแลนซา",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Echidonorus Opacus \"Esperanza",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Alismataceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "เป็นอเมซอนพันธุ์หายาก และมีราคาค่อนข้างสูง จากประเทศอเมริกาซึ่งหาได้ยากมากแล้วในประเทศต้นกำเนิด เป็นที่ต้องการมากในหมู่นักสะสม เป็นไม้น้ำที่เจริญเติบโตค่อนข้างช้า และเพาะขยายพันธุ์ได้ยากในที่เลี้ยง ลักษณะลำต้นเป็นเหง้าสั้นๆ อยู่ใต้ดิน มีใบเดี่ยวแตกรอบกอคล้ายรูปหอก ซึ่งลักษณะเด่นของอเมซอนชนิดนี้คือ มีเส้นลายใบขึ้นชัดเจนมากตัดกับสีเขียวของใบได้อย่างสวยงาม และเป็นเสนห์ของอเมซอนชนิดนี้",
    "propagation": "แยกลำต้นใหม่จากหน่อที่เกิดจากเหง้าใต้ดิน มาลงปลูกใหม่",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160308115217.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 72,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "อเมซอน แซนตามาเรีย",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Echinodorus sp. \"Santa Maria",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Alismataceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นอเมซอนที่แพร่กระจายในทวีปอเมริกาใต้ ประเทศบราซิล พบเฉาะที่รัฐรีโอกรันดีโดซูล เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่เจริญเติบโตค่อนข้างเร็วและมีขนาดใหญ่ จึงควรมีพื้นที่เผื่อไว้ในการเลี้ยงให้เจริญเติบโต ในหมู่นักสะสมอเมซอนหายากนั้น อเมซอน แซนตามาเรียเหมาะกับเป็นตัวเริ่มต้นในการเลี้ยง เพราะมีราคาไม่แพง และค่อนข้างทน ลักษณะลำต้นเป็นเหง้าสั้นๆ อยู่ใต้ดิน มีใบเดี่ยวแตกรอบกอ ซึ่งมีลักษณะกลมแผ่กว้างใหญ่ปลายแหลมคล้ายรูปหอก มีเส้นลายใบเป็นสีเขียวอ่อนเห็นได้ชัดเจนในใบเกิดใหม่ และเมื่อใบโตเต็มที่จะมีสีเส้นลายใบใกล้เคียงกับตัวใบ มีขนาดโตเต็มที่กว่า 30 ซม.",
    "propagation": "แยกลำต้นใหม่จากหน่อที่เกิดจากหัวที่ฝังใต้ดิน มาลงปลูกใหม่",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160308133200.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 73,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "อเมซอน อีควอชู",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Echinodorus sp. \"Iguazu",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Alismataceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้, กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป็นอเมซอลที่กำเนิดจากประเทศอาร์เจนตินา เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่หายากและมีราคาสูงมาก ลักษณะเด่น มีลำต้นเป็นไรโซมอยู่ใต้ดิน ใบแผ่ออกด้านข้างโดยลักษณะใบมีก้านใบขนาดใหญ่ และใบแผ่ออกกว้าง มีลักษณะเป็นรูปวงรีปลายเรียวเล็กน้อย มีเส้นลายใบสีเขียวอ่อนเห็นได้ชัดเจนจำนวน 9 เส้นเรียกขนานไปกับใบที่แผ่กว้างตัดกับสีของใบที่มีสีเขียวเข้มและมันวาวสวยงาม ในการเลี้ยงควรมีพื้นที่ขนาดใหญ่ เพราะเป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่แผ่ออกทางด้านข้างมากกว่าสูง",
    "propagation": "แยกลำต้นใหม่จากหน่อที่เกิดจากหัวที่ฝังใต้ดิน มาลงปลูกใหม่",
    "credit": "ภาพและข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160308135825.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 74,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "แอมมาเนียสุลาเวสี, โรทาล่าซันเซ็ท",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Ammania sp. \"Sulawesi",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 18-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำตระกูลแอมมาเนีย ซึ่งนำมาขายในประเทศไทยโดยใช้ชื่อทางการค้าว่า \"โรทาล่าซันเซ็ท\" พบแพร่กระจายที่เกาะสุราเวสี ประเทศอินโดนีเซีย ลักษณะเด่นมีลำต้นเป็นข้อ ค่อนข้างอวบสีเขียวอ่อน มีใบลักษณะเป็นรูปหอกขนาด 1.5-3 ซม. ค่อนแข็ง มีสีส้มจนถึงสีแดง มีเส้นเส้นลายใบสีขาวชัดเจน แตกตามข้อ ข้อละ2-3ใบ และที่ยอดประมาณ4-6 ใบ เป็นพรรณไม้น้ำที่ดูแลค่อนข้างยาก ต้องการแสงไฟค่อนข้างแรง และก๊าซคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ และดินที่มีสภาพอุดมสมบูรณ์พอสมควร จึงค่อนข้างหายากและมีราคาสูงในตลาด",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: อานนท์ ดลพนิต ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160309103210.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 75,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "โรทาล่ามาครานดาใบลาย",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Rotala macrandra “Variegated”",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Lythraceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้, หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 19-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลางถึงเร็ว",
    "characteristic": "เป็นโรทาล่าที่ถูกพัฒนาสายพันธุ์มาจากโรทาล่ามาครานด้า แต่มีลักษณะใบที่แตกต่างจากโรทาล่ามาครานด้าปรกติคือ จะปรากฎเส้นลายใบสีขาวถึงเหลืองชัดเจนที่แตกต่างจากโรทาล่ามาแครนดาธรรมดา เพราะมีสีแดงสดกว่าและมีเส้นลายใบที่สวยงาม เป็นที่นิยมอย่างมากในวงการพรรณไม้น้ำประเทศญี่ปุ่น",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: อานนท์ ดลพนิต ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160309134256.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 76,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ฝอยทองแคระ",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Limnophila sp. ‘mini",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Plantaginaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "มีลักษณะคล้ายกับฝอยทองธรรมดา แต่มีขนาดเล็กกว่า ลำต้นเลื้อยขนานไปกับพื้นขนาดโตเต็มที่ประมาณ 6 เซนติเมตร ตามข้อมีใบเรียวแหลมรูปหอก มีขอบเป็นหยักสีเขียวอ่อน ข้อละ4ใบ ปลายยอดแตกเป็นพุ่มขนาดเล็กขนาด6-8ใบซึ่งไม่เป็นพุ่มขนาดใหญ่และมีสีสันที่หลากหลายเหมือนฝอยทองธรรมดา นิยมนำมาปลูกประดับ บริเวณด้านหน้ัาของตู้พรรณไม้น้ำ เป็นชนิดที่เลี้ยงง่ายและแตกแขนงได้ค่อนข้างเร็ว",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: อานนท์ ดลพนิต ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160309140603.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 77,
    "categories_id": 16,
    "thai_name": "เฟิร์นรากดำทรอปิก้า",
    "common_name": "Tropica fern",
    "scientific_name": "Microsorum Pteropus var. \"Tropica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Polypodiaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "มีลักษณะทุกอย่างเหมือนเฟิร์นรากดำใบยาว Microsorum Pteropus แต่แตกต่างกันที่เมื่อเจริญเติบโตเต็มที่ จะแตกแฉกบริเวณขอบใบคล้ายกับเปลวเพลิง ใบกว้าง มีสีเขียวอ่อนถึงแก่",
    "propagation": "โดยการเกิดสปอร์จึงมีกลุ่มอับสปอร์เรียงตัวตามแนวเส้นกลางใบบริเวณด้านล่าง ของแผ่นใบ การแยกต้นอ่อนที่เกิดจากสปอร์บริเวณใต้ใบไปมัดติดกับวัสดุใหม่ การตัดแบ่งไรโซม และ การเพาะเลี้ยงเนื้อเยื่อ",
    "credit": "ภาพ www.aquascapers.wordpress.com ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160628143933.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 78,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป บีลินดี",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Belindae",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160823065531.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 79,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป แคทเทอรีน พิงค์",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Catherine pink",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160823065741.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 80,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป สเกเลตัน คิงส์",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"skeleton king",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160823070136.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 81,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป ฮาเดส",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"hades",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:True Hearts ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160823070451.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 82,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป เคอ รอแยล",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Kir royal ",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:MilDRattanai ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160823070804.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 83,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป มอนเทยานา เรดบราวน์",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Montleyana Red-Brown",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ: K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160823071107.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 84,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป บราวนี่ เมทัลลิกา",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Brownie metalica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160824160659.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 85,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป มินิ ไอโอ",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Mini IO",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ: K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160824160848.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 86,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป ราเวน",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Raven",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160824161051.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 87,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป เมทัลลิก เวฟ",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Metallic Wave",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:www.aquaplant.com.ua ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160824161809.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 88,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "อนูเบียสปินโต",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Anubias Nana \"Pinto",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160824162326.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 89,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "อนูเบียส แพนโกริโน",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Anubias barteri var nana \"Pangolino",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160824162942.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 90,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป เทียร์9",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"Theia 9",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:I5 No edit ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20160824170523.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 91,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "ไอโซเตส",
    "common_name": "Isoetes",
    "scientific_name": "Isoetes japonica",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Isoetaceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 23-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "ตัดแยกต้นใหม่จากไหลไปปลูกบริเวณใหม่",
    "credit": "ภาพ: ร้านคุณเสือ ข้อมูล:นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170305123335.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 92,
    "categories_id": 8,
    "thai_name": "กรอสโซแคระ, อีเลนไทล์",
    "common_name": "Eight-stamen waterwort",
    "scientific_name": "Elatine hydropiper",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Elatinaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2สูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 23-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "การขยายพันธุ์ในสภาพใต้น้ำ ทำการตัดเป็นกระจุกเล็กๆ ลงปลูกให้กระจายทั่วตู้ ต้นจะเจริญเติบโตลามเข้าหากันเอง หรือขยายในแปลงดินชื้นแฉะ โดยการตัดเป็นกระจุกเล็กๆลงปลูกกระจายทั่วแปลงดินในสภาพที่มีความชื้นสูงจะขยายพันธุ์ได้เร็วมาก",
    "credit": "ภาพ: Xander ข้อมูล:นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170305123927.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 93,
    "categories_id": 15,
    "thai_name": "ไส้ปลาไหล",
    "common_name": "Orchid lily",
    "scientific_name": "Barclaya longifolia",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Nymphaeaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 23-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อที่เกิดใหม่มาลงปลูกใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: ร้านคุณเสือ ข้อมูล:นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170305124514.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 94,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "มอสร่ม",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Rhodobryum Giganteum",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Bryaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2สูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-25 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้ามาก",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกลำต้นมาพันกับวัสดุเช่นหินพัมมิส และเลี้ยงในน้ำที่มีอุณหภูมิต่ำ ในปัจจุบันขยายพันธุ์ได้ค่อนข้างยากเพราะเป็นไม้น้ำที่โตช้ามากและต้องการน้ำใช้เลี้ยงที่ค่อนข้างเย็น",
    "credit": "ภาพ: คุณObaron ข้อมูล:นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170305125050.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 95,
    "categories_id": 9,
    "thai_name": "เรเนเก้ โรซ่าเนอวิส",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "alternanthera reineckii \"rosanervig",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Amaranthaceae",
    "position": "หน้าและกลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2สูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-30 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อที่เกิดใหม่มาลงปลูกใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: อานนท์ ดลพนิต ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170314144530.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 96,
    "categories_id": 18,
    "thai_name": "บูเซป บราวนี่ ฟินิกส์",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Bucephalandra sp. \"brownie Phoenix",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Araceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 20-27 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ช้า",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกหน่อเกิดใหม่ไปพันกับวัสดุใหม่ เช่น หินภูเขาไฟดำ แก่นไม้ขนาดเล็ก เซรามิริง เป็นต้น",
    "credit": "ภาพ:K-water ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170314145044.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 97,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ไมยราบน้ำ",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "Hygrophila pinnatifida",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Acanthaceae",
    "position": "กลางและหลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 18-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "ตัดแยกลำต้นที่แตกใหม่ไปปักชำในสภาพใต้น้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ, ร้านโรจน์รวมปลา ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170314145639.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 98,
    "categories_id": 17,
    "thai_name": "เฟรมมอส",
    "common_name": "Frame moss",
    "scientific_name": "Taxiphyllum sp.",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Hypnaceae",
    "position": "หน้าตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลาง, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 18-29 °C",
    "growth_rate": "เร็ว",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "แยกต้นที่แตกใหม่มาพันกับวัสดุ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: นภัทร์ โสภณ, ร้านโรจน์รวมปลา ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170314150511.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 99,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "กาทิโอลา",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "gratiola viscidula",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Plantaginaceae",
    "position": "กลางตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างปานกลางถึงสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: อานนท์ ดลพนิต ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170314151357.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": 100,
    "categories_id": 7,
    "thai_name": "ซินเนอเซีย",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "shinnersia rivularis \"variegatus",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "Asteraceae",
    "position": "หลังตู้",
    "environment": "แสงไฟความสว่างสูง, Co2, ช่วงอุณหภูมิ 15-28 °C",
    "growth_rate": "ปานกลาง",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "ตัดลำต้นเกิดใหม่จากส่วนข้อ หรือตัดจากส่วนปลายยอด มาปักชำใหม่ในสภาพใต้น้ำ หรือในสภาพแปลงดินครึ่งบกครึ่งน้ำ",
    "credit": "ภาพ: อานนท์ ดลพนิต ข้อมูล: นภัทร์ โสภณ",
    "images": "20170314151917.jpg"
  },
  {
    "id": "",
    "categories_id": "",
    "thai_name": "",
    "common_name": "",
    "scientific_name": "",
    "synonyme": "",
    "family": "",
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    "environment": "",
    "growth_rate": "",
    "characteristic": "",
    "propagation": "",
    "credit": "",
    "images": ""
  },
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    "propagation": "",
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  },
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